Unit 1 - LAA1 - Remembering Flashcards
What is meant by memory retrieval?
the process of bringing information back from the long term memory
What are the 3 different memory stores?
Sensory register, Short term memory and long term memory
During retrieval what memory stores are being used?
short term and long term memory
After information is retrieved from long term memory, where does the information go?
it temporarily gets stored in the short term memory before if goes back to long term memory
What is the key term for information being moved from long term memory to short term memory?
memory retrieval
What increases the likelihood of information being forgotten?
the longer the information is not retrieved
what is meant by forgetting?
when information stored starts to decay
How does the mind avoid forgetting?
recognition and recall
Which method is the most effective in avoiding forgetting?
Recall
What is meant by recognition?
When you can identify information due to an external cue
What is meant by recall?
retrieving the information from the long term memory
What is the difference between recall and recognition?
recognition is when the information is familiar but cannot occur without a cue whereas recall can occur with/without a cue
Give an example of recognition
You know who created the multistore model of memory but you can’t remember their name
What type of process is recognition?
an unconscious process
what is meant by an unconscious process?
Something that occurs out of our control
What is meant by free recall?
when information can be pulled from the LTM without a cue
What is meant by cue recall?
When information can be pulled from the LTM with the help of a cue
How does cue recall occur?
During learning, we associate the info with either an internal (emotion) or external (environment) cue
What type of process is free recall?
automatic process
Who conducted research on recall and recognition?
Bahrick
How did Bahrick investigated recall and recognition?
testing high school graduates on their memory of their former class mates with either a photo cue or no photo cue
In Bahricks research, what were the percentages of students who accurately recalled their classmates names?
70% of participants who had a photo
30% of participants who had no photo
What does Bahrick’s research show us?
recall is better with a cue
what is meant by a cue?
a cue is a internal or external clue
What is meant by meaningful cues?
a cue that has significance to the information
What is meant by a cue without meaning?
a simple cue that has been connected but doesn’t have any significance to the information
What types of cues without meaning can you have
state and context dependent cues
What is meant by state dependent cue?
a cue based on your physical and or emotional state
What is meant by context dependent cues?
a cue based on the environment
Who conducted research on context dependent cues?
Godden and Baddeley
How did Godden and Baddeley investigate context dependent cues
got deep sea divers to learn a list of words either on land or underwater then recall in the same/ opposite condition
What were the four conditions used in Godden and Baddeley’s research
- Learn on land- Recall on land.
- Learn on land- Recall underwater.
- Learn underwater- Recall on land.
- Learn underwater- Recall underwater
What did Godden and Baddeley find?
There was a 40% lower accuracy when information was recalled in a different condition to when it was learnt.
Who conducted research on state dependent cues?
Carter and Cassaday
How did Carter and Cassaday investigate state dependent cues?
Gave antihistamine drugs to their participants which has a mild sedative effect making the participant slightly drowsy, then got participants to learn a list of words
What did Carter and Cassaday find when investigating state dependent cues?
They found that when there was a mismatch between internal states at learning and recall, performance on the memory test was significantly worse
What were the four conditions used in Carter and Cassaday’s research?
- Learn on drug- Recall when on drug.
- Learn on drug- Recall when not on drug.
- Learn not on drug- Recall when on drug.
- Learn not on drug- Recall when not on drug
Why is it important that we understand how information is forgotten in the real world?
It can help us develop techniques to avoid forgetting in different settings i.e. education or for eyewitness testimonies
Based off our knowledge of remembering, What was created to help avoid forgetting in eye witness testimonies?
Cognitive interview
How does the cognitive interview improve the accuracy of eyewitness testimony?
it enhances the retrieval of information about a crime scene from the eyewitnesses and victim’s memory
What 4 techniques are involved in the cognitive interview?
Stage 1: Reinstate the context
Stage 2: Recall events in reverse order
Stage 3: Report everything they can remember
Stage 4: Describe events from someone else’s point of view
What is meant by reinstate the context?
getting the witness to think back to the incident to get the context and state dependent cues
What is meant by recall in reverse order?
getting the witness to recall the events from a different chronological order
What is meant by recall everything?
getting the witness to recall everything they can remember even if the information seems unimportant
What is meant by recall from a different point of view?
getting the witness to recall the event from someone else at the scene i.e. another witness
