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BTEC Applied Psych - STAFF > Unit 1 - LAB - Gender > Flashcards

Unit 1 - LAB - Gender Flashcards

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1
Q

Define the term ‘sex’

A

The biological status of XX(female) or XY(Male)

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2
Q

Jo has a biological sex of XX.

A

Female

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3
Q

What is meant by the term ‘gender’

A

A person’s expression of their masculinity or femininity

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4
Q

What is Alpha bias?

A

A type of gender bias where the differences between males and females are maximised.

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5
Q

What is beta bias?

A

A type of gender bias where the differences between males and females are minimised.

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6
Q

What is confirmation bias?

A

A type of bias whereby an individual has the tendency to look for information that supports, rather than rejects, one’s preconceptions/views about a certain topic

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7
Q

What type of bias is this? All boys play with cars and all girls play with dolls.

A

Alpha bias

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8
Q

What type of bias is this? A researcher believes that girls talk more than boys. He observes children at lunch but spends more time looking at the girls than the boys.

A

Confirmation bias

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9
Q

How can alpha bias affect equality?

A

Men are seen as the providers and women are seen as more nurturing.

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10
Q

How can beta bias affect equality?

A

Minimises the differences and assume that males and females present depressive symptoms the same way.

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11
Q

What is a schema?

A

Mental representation of an aspect of the world.

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12
Q

Gender schema combines which two theories

A

Cognitive approach
Social Learning Theory

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13
Q

Martin and Halverson argue that child at about age 3 look to others to form gender schemas. Who do they show favouritism to?

A

ingroup - same sex

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14
Q

What do Martin and Halverson argue happens to children who do not fulfil gender schemas?

A

They are ignored or teased.

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15
Q

What is one strength of gender schema theory.

A

Practical Applications: awareness can lead to intervention to reduce prejudice

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16
Q

What are sex role stereotypes?

A

The shared expectations
within a society or social group regarding what is
appropriate behaviour for men and women.

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17
Q

Where do sex role stereotypes come from?

A

Learned from birth: from both parents and wider society such as peers and media

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18
Q

What are gender roles?

A

Gender roles are societal norms that dictate the types of behaviour that are generally considered
appropriate for individuals based on their biological sex.

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19
Q

What type of gender roles are linked to females?

A

Cooking, Cleaning & nurturing

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20
Q

What types of gender roles are linked to males?

A

To work and provide for the family.

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21
Q

What are theories linked to sex role stereotypes criticised for?

A

Socially sensitive - promote prejudice so less likely to lead to equality.

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22
Q

What is one area where priming women with their gender identify has reduced female performance?

A

Maths - assumes males are better than females and this leads to a self fulfilling prophecy.

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23
Q

What is one cultural difference example found by Mead?

A

Arapesh - men and women are both caring and cooperative
Mundugumor - both males and females were aggressive
Tchambuli -opposite gender role behaviours were shown.

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24
Q

How can culture affect gender?

A

Different cultures have different expectations

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25
Q

Why can Mead’s research be criticised for culture bias?

A

Mead may have interpreted the behaviour of these groups through her western expectations of gender.

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26
Q

When do we start to see gender segregation e.g. playing with same sex peers?

A

Around age 3

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27
Q

Research suggests that the more time spent ___________ can have a significant effect on a child’s sex identity.

A

with same sex peers

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28
Q

In adolescence peers compare themselves to other peers. Why is this?

A

To consider how well they feel they are fitting in with their gender category.

29
Q

When peers compare themselves to their peers, they may think their expressed gender identify doesn’t match with their assigned gender. What can this lead to?

A

Gender dysphoria and transgender..

30
Q

Conformity to gender roles - How might normative social influence explain this?

A

Children copy their same sex peers to fit in and avoid rejection by their peers

31
Q

Conformity to gender roles - How might informational social influence explain this?

A

Children copy people they see as having more knowledge e.g. girls may look to older sisters to see how to behave.

32
Q

What can happen to adolescents when they don’t conform to social roles.

A

Bullying and isolation

33
Q

In terms of not confirming to social roles. Which sex is conforming more important for to avoid rejection from peers?

A

Males

34
Q

What is androgyny?

A

When males and females take in behaviours normally associated with the opposite sex.

35
Q

Operant and classical conditioning are examples of which type of reinforcement?

A

Direct

36
Q

Operant conditioning argues gender develops because ….

A

A child is rewarded for a gender specific behaviour and so they repeat it.

37
Q

Which theory is being described. Mike is playing with dolls. His dad comes to him and tells him that he shouldn’t play with dolls and gives him a car instead.

A

Operant conditioning

38
Q

How can operant conditioning explain the changes to more androgynous and fluid gender roles.

A

Over times different behaviours are being reinforced.

39
Q

Social Learning Theory argues behaviour is learnt through …

A

observing and imitating

40
Q

Social learning Theory is where we learn through which type of reinforcement?

A

Indirect

41
Q

What are the mediational processes of ARRM?

A

Attention, Retention, Reproduction & motivation

42
Q

In ARRM, What is Attention?

A

We observe a model performing a behaviour.

43
Q

In ARRM, what is retention?

A

Remembering the observed behaviour.

44
Q

In ARRM, what is reproduction?

A

The ability to be able to replicate the observed behaviour.

45
Q

In ARRM, what is motivation?

A

Having a reason to repeat the behaviour.

46
Q

In ARRM, what is one example of a motivation?

A

Vicarious reinforcement - seeing someone rewarded for behaviour and the observer is motivated to repeat it

47
Q

What is vicarious reinforcement?

A

Seeing someone rewarded for behaviour and the observer is motivated to imitate it.

48
Q

What is vicarious punishment?

A

Not imitating observed behaviour that they have seen a person punished for.

49
Q

What is being shown here. A girl see’s her mother receive compliments for her beautiful dress. The girl asks for a dress for Christmas.

A

Vicarious reinforcement

50
Q

Which gene does the Y chromosome contain?

A

SRY

51
Q

What does the presence of SRY lead to?

A

Development of testes and the release of testosterone

52
Q

What does the absence of SRY lead to?

A

Development of ovaries and release of oestrogen

53
Q

What do sex chromosomes do?

A

Play the role of determining sex

54
Q

What do hormones do?

A

Plays the role of gender development which influences gender behaviours

55
Q

What is the genetic makeup in Klinefelter’s syndrome?

A

XXY

56
Q

Give two characteristics of Klinefelter’s syndrome?

A

Taller than average
Less facial and body hair
Breast development
Small Testes

57
Q

What is the genetic makeup of Turner’s syndrome?

A

XO - absence of a second X chromosome

58
Q

Give two characteristics of Turner’s syndrome?

A

Minimal breast development
Lack of pubic hair
Webbed neck

59
Q

What effect does testosterone have before birth?

A

Masculinise the genitals and brain.

60
Q

What effect does oestrogen have after birth?

A

Development of female sex characteristics
Regulation of menstrual cycle.

61
Q

In evolutionary theory, what characteristics are beneficial for females to show?

A

caring and maternal instincts

62
Q

In evolutionary theory, what characteristics are beneficial for females to show?

A

caring and maternal instincts

63
Q

in evolutionary theory, what characteristics are beneficial for males to show?

A

Protection and hunting skills.

64
Q

What is dominant male theory?

A

Dominant males mate more frequently
these adaptive male traits are passed on to next generation
ensuring continuation of masculine typical traits

65
Q

What is one limitation of the biological approach to explaining gender?

A

Reductionist
as it reduces the complex behaviour of gender down to simple basic units such as genes and neurochemistry.

66
Q

What is one strength of the biological approach to explaining gender?

A

Practical applications

67
Q
A
68
Q
A

BTEC Applied Psych - STAFF (49 decks)

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