Unit 1 - LAB - Gender Flashcards
Define the term ‘sex’
The biological status of XX(female) or XY(Male)
Jo has a biological sex of XX.
Female
What is meant by the term ‘gender’
A person’s expression of their masculinity or femininity
What is Alpha bias?
A type of gender bias where the differences between males and females are maximised.
What is beta bias?
A type of gender bias where the differences between males and females are minimised.
What is confirmation bias?
A type of bias whereby an individual has the tendency to look for information that supports, rather than rejects, one’s preconceptions/views about a certain topic
What type of bias is this? All boys play with cars and all girls play with dolls.
Alpha bias
What type of bias is this? A researcher believes that girls talk more than boys. He observes children at lunch but spends more time looking at the girls than the boys.
Confirmation bias
How can alpha bias affect equality?
Men are seen as the providers and women are seen as more nurturing.
How can beta bias affect equality?
Minimises the differences and assume that males and females present depressive symptoms the same way.
What is a schema?
Mental representation of an aspect of the world.
Gender schema combines which two theories
Cognitive approach
Social Learning Theory
Martin and Halverson argue that child at about age 3 look to others to form gender schemas. Who do they show favouritism to?
ingroup - same sex
What do Martin and Halverson argue happens to children who do not fulfil gender schemas?
They are ignored or teased.
What is one strength of gender schema theory.
Practical Applications: awareness can lead to intervention to reduce prejudice
What are sex role stereotypes?
The shared expectations
within a society or social group regarding what is
appropriate behaviour for men and women.
Where do sex role stereotypes come from?
Learned from birth: from both parents and wider society such as peers and media
What are gender roles?
Gender roles are societal norms that dictate the types of behaviour that are generally considered
appropriate for individuals based on their biological sex.
What type of gender roles are linked to females?
Cooking, Cleaning & nurturing
What types of gender roles are linked to males?
To work and provide for the family.
What are theories linked to sex role stereotypes criticised for?
Socially sensitive - promote prejudice so less likely to lead to equality.
What is one area where priming women with their gender identify has reduced female performance?
Maths - assumes males are better than females and this leads to a self fulfilling prophecy.
What is one cultural difference example found by Mead?
Arapesh - men and women are both caring and cooperative
Mundugumor - both males and females were aggressive
Tchambuli -opposite gender role behaviours were shown.
How can culture affect gender?
Different cultures have different expectations
Why can Mead’s research be criticised for culture bias?
Mead may have interpreted the behaviour of these groups through her western expectations of gender.
When do we start to see gender segregation e.g. playing with same sex peers?
Around age 3
Research suggests that the more time spent ___________ can have a significant effect on a child’s sex identity.
with same sex peers
In adolescence peers compare themselves to other peers. Why is this?
To consider how well they feel they are fitting in with their gender category.
When peers compare themselves to their peers, they may think their expressed gender identify doesn’t match with their assigned gender. What can this lead to?
Gender dysphoria and transgender..
Conformity to gender roles - How might normative social influence explain this?
Children copy their same sex peers to fit in and avoid rejection by their peers
Conformity to gender roles - How might informational social influence explain this?
Children copy people they see as having more knowledge e.g. girls may look to older sisters to see how to behave.
What can happen to adolescents when they don’t conform to social roles.
Bullying and isolation
In terms of not confirming to social roles. Which sex is conforming more important for to avoid rejection from peers?
Males
What is androgyny?
When males and females take in behaviours normally associated with the opposite sex.
Operant and classical conditioning are examples of which type of reinforcement?
Direct
Operant conditioning argues gender develops because ….
A child is rewarded for a gender specific behaviour and so they repeat it.
Which theory is being described. Mike is playing with dolls. His dad comes to him and tells him that he shouldn’t play with dolls and gives him a car instead.
Operant conditioning
How can operant conditioning explain the changes to more androgynous and fluid gender roles.
Over times different behaviours are being reinforced.
Social Learning Theory argues behaviour is learnt through …
observing and imitating
Social learning Theory is where we learn through which type of reinforcement?
Indirect
What are the mediational processes of ARRM?
Attention, Retention, Reproduction & motivation
In ARRM, What is Attention?
We observe a model performing a behaviour.
In ARRM, what is retention?
Remembering the observed behaviour.
In ARRM, what is reproduction?
The ability to be able to replicate the observed behaviour.
In ARRM, what is motivation?
Having a reason to repeat the behaviour.
In ARRM, what is one example of a motivation?
Vicarious reinforcement - seeing someone rewarded for behaviour and the observer is motivated to repeat it
What is vicarious reinforcement?
Seeing someone rewarded for behaviour and the observer is motivated to imitate it.
What is vicarious punishment?
Not imitating observed behaviour that they have seen a person punished for.
What is being shown here. A girl see’s her mother receive compliments for her beautiful dress. The girl asks for a dress for Christmas.
Vicarious reinforcement
Which gene does the Y chromosome contain?
SRY
What does the presence of SRY lead to?
Development of testes and the release of testosterone
What does the absence of SRY lead to?
Development of ovaries and release of oestrogen
What do sex chromosomes do?
Play the role of determining sex
What do hormones do?
Plays the role of gender development which influences gender behaviours
What is the genetic makeup in Klinefelter’s syndrome?
XXY
Give two characteristics of Klinefelter’s syndrome?
Taller than average
Less facial and body hair
Breast development
Small Testes
What is the genetic makeup of Turner’s syndrome?
XO - absence of a second X chromosome
Give two characteristics of Turner’s syndrome?
Minimal breast development
Lack of pubic hair
Webbed neck
What effect does testosterone have before birth?
Masculinise the genitals and brain.
What effect does oestrogen have after birth?
Development of female sex characteristics
Regulation of menstrual cycle.
In evolutionary theory, what characteristics are beneficial for females to show?
caring and maternal instincts
In evolutionary theory, what characteristics are beneficial for females to show?
caring and maternal instincts
in evolutionary theory, what characteristics are beneficial for males to show?
Protection and hunting skills.
What is dominant male theory?
Dominant males mate more frequently
these adaptive male traits are passed on to next generation
ensuring continuation of masculine typical traits
What is one limitation of the biological approach to explaining gender?
Reductionist
as it reduces the complex behaviour of gender down to simple basic units such as genes and neurochemistry.
What is one strength of the biological approach to explaining gender?
Practical applications
