Unit 1 - LAB - Gender

Question 1

Define the term ‘sex’

Answer 1

The biological status of XX(female) or XY(Male)

Question 2

Jo has a biological sex of XX.

Answer 2

Female

Question 3

What is meant by the term ‘gender’

Answer 3

A person’s expression of their masculinity or femininity

Question 4

What is Alpha bias?

Answer 4

A type of gender bias where the differences between males and females are maximised.

Question 5

What is beta bias?

Answer 5

A type of gender bias where the differences between males and females are minimised.

Question 6

What is confirmation bias?

Answer 6

A type of bias whereby an individual has the tendency to look for information that supports, rather than rejects, one’s preconceptions/views about a certain topic

Question 7

What type of bias is this? All boys play with cars and all girls play with dolls.

Answer 7

Alpha bias

Question 8

What type of bias is this? A researcher believes that girls talk more than boys. He observes children at lunch but spends more time looking at the girls than the boys.

Answer 8

Confirmation bias

Question 9

How can alpha bias affect equality?

Answer 9

Men are seen as the providers and women are seen as more nurturing.

Question 10

How can beta bias affect equality?

Answer 10

Minimises the differences and assume that males and females present depressive symptoms the same way.

Question 11

What is a schema?

Answer 11

Mental representation of an aspect of the world.

Question 12

Gender schema combines which two theories

Answer 12

Cognitive approach
Social Learning Theory

Question 13

Martin and Halverson argue that child at about age 3 look to others to form gender schemas. Who do they show favouritism to?

Answer 13

ingroup - same sex

Question 14

What do Martin and Halverson argue happens to children who do not fulfil gender schemas?

Answer 14

They are ignored or teased.

Question 15

What is one strength of gender schema theory.

Answer 15

Practical Applications: awareness can lead to intervention to reduce prejudice

Question 16

What are sex role stereotypes?

Answer 16

The shared expectations
within a society or social group regarding what is
appropriate behaviour for men and women.

Question 17

Where do sex role stereotypes come from?

Answer 17

Learned from birth: from both parents and wider society such as peers and media

Question 18

What are gender roles?

Answer 18

Gender roles are societal norms that dictate the types of behaviour that are generally considered
appropriate for individuals based on their biological sex.

Question 19

What type of gender roles are linked to females?

Answer 19

Cooking, Cleaning & nurturing

Question 20

What types of gender roles are linked to males?

Answer 20

To work and provide for the family.

Question 21

What are theories linked to sex role stereotypes criticised for?

Answer 21

Socially sensitive - promote prejudice so less likely to lead to equality.

Question 22

What is one area where priming women with their gender identify has reduced female performance?

Answer 22

Maths - assumes males are better than females and this leads to a self fulfilling prophecy.

Question 23

What is one cultural difference example found by Mead?

Answer 23

Arapesh - men and women are both caring and cooperative
Mundugumor - both males and females were aggressive
Tchambuli -opposite gender role behaviours were shown.

Question 24

How can culture affect gender?

Answer 24

Different cultures have different expectations

Question 25

Why can Mead's research be criticised for culture bias?

Answer 25

Mead may have interpreted the behaviour of these groups through her western expectations of gender.

Question 26

When do we start to see gender segregation e.g. playing with same sex peers?

Answer 26

Around age 3

Question 27

Research suggests that the more time spent ___________ can have a significant effect on a child's sex identity.

Answer 27

with same sex peers

Question 28

In adolescence peers compare themselves to other peers. Why is this?

Answer 28

To consider how well they feel they are fitting in with their gender category.

Question 29

When peers compare themselves to their peers, they may think their expressed gender identify doesn't match with their assigned gender. What can this lead to?

Answer 29

Gender dysphoria and transgender..

Question 30

Conformity to gender roles - How might normative social influence explain this?

Answer 30

Children copy their same sex peers to fit in and avoid rejection by their peers

Question 31

Conformity to gender roles - How might informational social influence explain this?

Answer 31

Children copy people they see as having more knowledge e.g. girls may look to older sisters to see how to behave.

Question 32

What can happen to adolescents when they don't conform to social roles.

Answer 32

Bullying and isolation

Question 33

In terms of not confirming to social roles. Which sex is conforming more important for to avoid rejection from peers?

Answer 33

Males

Question 34

What is androgyny?

Answer 34

When males and females take in behaviours normally associated with the opposite sex.

Question 35

Operant and classical conditioning are examples of which type of reinforcement?

Answer 35

Direct

Question 36

Operant conditioning argues gender develops because ....

Answer 36

A child is rewarded for a gender specific behaviour and so they repeat it.

Question 37

Which theory is being described. Mike is playing with dolls. His dad comes to him and tells him that he shouldn't play with dolls and gives him a car instead.

Answer 37

Operant conditioning

Question 38

How can operant conditioning explain the changes to more androgynous and fluid gender roles.

Answer 38

Over times different behaviours are being reinforced.

Question 39

Social Learning Theory argues behaviour is learnt through ...

Answer 39

observing and imitating

Question 40

Social learning Theory is where we learn through which type of reinforcement?

Answer 40

Indirect

Question 41

What are the mediational processes of ARRM?

Answer 41

Attention, Retention, Reproduction & motivation

Question 42

In ARRM, What is Attention?

Answer 42

We observe a model performing a behaviour.

Question 43

In ARRM, what is retention?

Answer 43

Remembering the observed behaviour.

Question 44

In ARRM, what is reproduction?

Answer 44

The ability to be able to replicate the observed behaviour.

Question 45

In ARRM, what is motivation?

Answer 45

Having a reason to repeat the behaviour.

Question 46

In ARRM, what is one example of a motivation?

Answer 46

Vicarious reinforcement - seeing someone rewarded for behaviour and the observer is motivated to repeat it

Question 47

What is vicarious reinforcement?

Answer 47

Seeing someone rewarded for behaviour and the observer is motivated to imitate it.

Question 48

What is vicarious punishment?

Answer 48

Not imitating observed behaviour that they have seen a person punished for.

Question 49

What is being shown here. A girl see's her mother receive compliments for her beautiful dress. The girl asks for a dress for Christmas.

Answer 49

Vicarious reinforcement

Question 50

Which gene does the Y chromosome contain?

Answer 50

SRY

Question 51

What does the presence of SRY lead to?

Answer 51

Development of testes and the release of testosterone

Question 52

What does the absence of SRY lead to?

Answer 52

Development of ovaries and release of oestrogen

Question 53

What do sex chromosomes do?

Answer 53

Play the role of determining sex

Question 54

What do hormones do?

Answer 54

Plays the role of gender development which influences gender behaviours

Question 55

What is the genetic makeup in Klinefelter's syndrome?

Answer 55

XXY

Question 56

Give two characteristics of Klinefelter's syndrome?

Answer 56

Taller than average Less facial and body hair Breast development Small Testes

Question 57

What is the genetic makeup of Turner's syndrome?

Answer 57

XO - absence of a second X chromosome

Question 58

Give two characteristics of Turner's syndrome?

Answer 58

Minimal breast development Lack of pubic hair Webbed neck

Question 59

What effect does testosterone have before birth?

Answer 59

Masculinise the genitals and brain.

Question 60

What effect does oestrogen have after birth?

Answer 60

Development of female sex characteristics Regulation of menstrual cycle.

Question 61

In evolutionary theory, what characteristics are beneficial for females to show?

Answer 61

caring and maternal instincts

Question 62

In evolutionary theory, what characteristics are beneficial for females to show?

Answer 62

caring and maternal instincts

Question 63

in evolutionary theory, what characteristics are beneficial for males to show?

Answer 63

Protection and hunting skills.

Question 64

What is dominant male theory?

Answer 64

Dominant males mate more frequently these adaptive male traits are passed on to next generation ensuring continuation of masculine typical traits

Question 65

What is one limitation of the biological approach to explaining gender?

Answer 65

Reductionist as it reduces the complex behaviour of gender down to simple basic units such as genes and neurochemistry.

Question 66

What is one strength of the biological approach to explaining gender?

Answer 66

Practical applications