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Fundamentals of Science I > Type 1 Hypersensitivity > Flashcards

Type 1 Hypersensitivity Flashcards

1
Q

What is type 1 hypersensitivity associated with?

A

Anaphylactic reactions (IgE - mediated).

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2
Q

What is an allergen?

A

Substance which when eaten // inhaled is recognised by the immune system as being foreign and causes an allergic reaction.

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3
Q

Name some examples of allergens.

A

House dust mites
Fungi
Domestic pets

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4
Q

What does antigenic mean?

A

Any substance which is foreign to the body and evokes an immune response by forming a complex with a LARGER molecule and binds with a product of the immune response.

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5
Q

What is the product of an immune response?

A

Antibody or T - cell.

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6
Q

What does immunological hypersensitivity mean?

A

Undesirable reactions produced by the normal immune system.

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7
Q

How does the immune response begin?

A

Begins with sensitisation.

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8
Q

What does antigen presenting cells do?

A

They internalise the allergen : process and express the allergens on their cell surface.

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9
Q

What do the allergens do?

A

They present these to the t - cells.

B - lymphocytes are transformed into antibody secretory cells - plasma cells.

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10
Q

What does the plasma cells produce?

A

Produces IgE - antibodies which BIND to the specific allergen.

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11
Q

Where does the IgE antibodies bind to?

A

These bind to high affinity receptors on mast cells : leaving the allergen receptor site for future interaction.

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12
Q

What is the happen model?

A

These are small molecule irritants which BIND to proteins and elicit an immune response.

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13
Q

What is sensitisation?

A

Production of allergen specific IgE - antibodies and this completes the immune response.

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14
Q

Where are mast cells derived from?

A

Comes from the bone marrow.

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15
Q

Where are mast cells located?

A

These are located at the boundaries between tissues and external environment (mucosal surfaces of the gut).

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16
Q

Why are mast cells important?

A

They are key as they can be activated to release a wide variety of mediators.

17
Q

What are mast cells associated with in terms of disease?

A

Asthma // Autoimmune disease // Rhinitis // Parasite. Infection

18
Q

What is the purpose of mast cell mediators?

A

Initiate both early and late inflammatory events.

19
Q

What is the purpose of histamines?

A

Increases vascular permeability and smooth muscle contraction.

20
Q

What is the purpose of Interleukin - 4 and Interleukin - 13?

A

Promotes Th2 and IgE production.

21
Q

What is the purpose of TNF - alpha?

A

Promotes tissue inflammation.

22
Q

What is the purpose of Leukotrienes and Prostaglandins?

A

Increases vascular permeability and causes muscle contraction.

23
Q

What is the purpose of IgE independent mechanisms?

A

These initiate signals which INDUCE cellular degranulation with release and secretion of vasoactive mediators // enzymes // cytokines.

24
Q

What are basophils?

A

This is a type of white blood cell which is found in MANY tissues throughout your bodies.

25
Q

What does basophils contain?

A

These contain histamines which promote the flow of blood to the tissues.

26
Q

What is the indication if basophil levels are low?

A

This is due to a SEVERE allergic reaction.

27
Q

How can basophils be activated?

A

They can be activated via pathogen - associated molecular patterns.

28
Q

What are the 2 cell surface receptors?

A

FceI

FceII

29
Q

Which is the cell receptor which has low affinity binding?

A

FceRII

30
Q

Which is the cell receptor which has high affinity binding?

A

FceRI

31
Q

What is a trimer?

A

3 non - covalent bound macromolecules.

32
Q

What is compound degranulation?

A

Cellular process which releases cytotoxic molecules from granules found inside SOME cells.

33
Q

What are inflammatory mediators?

A

Messengers which act on blood vessels and promote an inflammatory response.

34
Q

What is the most common inflammatory mediator?

A

Histamine = Triggers vasodilation and increases vascular permeability.

35
Q

What is IgE cross linking?

A

This is when IgE molecules cross link and thus intracellular signalling occurs.

36
Q

What are peptidergic neurotransmitters?

A

These stem from the endocrine hypothalamus and exert neurohormonal effects.

37
Q

What is neurogenic inflammation?

A

These are mediators which are released directly from the nerves to initiate an inflammatory reaction.

38
Q

What is anaphylaxis?

A

This is an extreme and severe allergic reaction.

39
Q

What are the 2 types of anaphylaxis?

A 
Uniphasic = Symptoms get worse QUICKLY. 
Biphasic = Mild // Severe symptoms but there are also periods of time where there is NO symptoms.

Fundamentals of Science I (45 decks)

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