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Fundamentals of Science I > Principles of Infection III > Flashcards

Principles of Infection III Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the 4 main stages of infection?

A

Transmission
Infection
Pathogenicity
Virulence

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2
Q

What is the transmission stage of infection?

A

The host has to acquire the organism.

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3
Q

What is the infection stage of infection?

A

The organism has to reproduce inside the host.

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4
Q

What is the pathogenicity stage of infection?

A

Interacting the host in a way that causes disease.

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5
Q

What is the virulence stage of infection?

A

This is the severity of the disease stage.

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6
Q

What are the main virulence factors?

A

Adhere to and invade host tissues.
Evade host defences.
Proliferate in the host.
Cause damage = produce toxins // host - pathogens interactions.

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7
Q

What does virulence factors allow to take place?

A

Enables the host to replicate and spread within a host.

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8
Q

How is it possible to ‘evade host defences’?

A

Achieved by entering the bloodstream.

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9
Q

What is the name given for the production of toxins?

A

Toxigenicity.

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10
Q

What is the effect of the production of toxins?

A

This can cause tissue damage = which leads to LOW BLOOD PRESSURE.

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11
Q

How does virulence factors arise?

A

These factors are often encoded and translated for genes in chromosomal DNA.

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12
Q

What are pili adhesions ?

A

This is when the pili attaches a bacterial cell to a SPECIFIC surface // other cells.
This can aid in attachment between the bacterial cells.

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13
Q

What process is pili adhesions attached to?

A

Adherence.

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14
Q

What are the two types of invasions?

A

Intracellular.

Extracellular.

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15
Q

What is intracellular invasion?

A

This when the microbe actually penetrates the cells of a HOST TISSUE and SURVIVES.

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16
Q

What is extracellular invasion?

A

This is when a microbe breaks down the barriers of a tissue to spread in the host while remaining OUTSIDE of the host cells.

17
Q

Which enzymes aid extracellular invasion?

A

Staphylokinase
Hyaluronidase
Streptokinase

18
Q

What are the 3 main evade host defences for bacteria?

A

Capsule
Cell Wall
Toxins

19
Q

Explain more about the capsule host defence.

A

Protects the bacteria from phagocytosis.

DOES NOT allow opsonising antibodies to be recognised by phagocytic host defence cells.

20
Q

What are the host defence cells?

A

Macrophages

Neutrophils

21
Q

Explain more about the cell wall host defence.

A

These contain endotoxins and thus, activate a pathway of events which WEAKEN THE HOST.
The host deteriorates.

22
Q

What is the weakening of the host known as?

A

Septic Shock.

23
Q

Explain more about the toxins host defence.

A

These molecules are secreted by bacteria to destroy and damage host tissues.

24
Q

What are the 2 main evade host defences for viruses?

A

Antigenic Drift

Antigenic Shift

25
Q

Explain more about the Antigenic Drift.

A

BRINGS ABOUT MINOR CHANGE.

This is the accumulation of mutations within the genes which codes for antibody - binding sites.

26
Q

Explain more about the Antigenic Shift.

A

BRINGS ABOUT MAJOR CHANGE.
2 / more different strains of viruses combine.
Forms a new subtype = This has a mixture of surface antigens of the 2 / more ORIGINAL strains.

27
Q

What is the horizontal gene transfer?

A

This enables bacteria to respond and adapt to their environment RAPIDLY by acquiring large DNA sequences from another bacterium in a single transfer.

28
Q

How are virulence factors determined?

A

These factors are genetically determined.

29
Q

What is the donor bacterium?

A

This carries the DNA sequence called the ‘ Fertility Factor.’

30
Q

What is a pilus?

A

This is a thin tube - like structure which is used as a cell adhesion mechanism.

31
Q

What is the ‘F - Factor’?

A

Donor produces a PILUS.

They contact the recipient and thus, the donor bacterium transfers the genetic material to recipient bacterium.

Fundamentals of Science I (45 decks)

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