Introduction to Biological Molecules and Cell Structure Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the two types of cells?

A
  • Prokaryotic Cell

- Eukaryotic Cell

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2
Q

What are the two roles small molecules play?

A
  • Building blocks for macromolecules.

- Specific functions

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3
Q

What is composition of a cell made up of?

List 4 key components

A
  • Water
  • Inorganic Ions
  • Small Organic Molecules
  • Macromolecules
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4
Q

What is the proportion of the total cell weight with all the different components?

A

Water = 70%
Macromolecules = 26%
Small Organic Molecules = 3%
Inorganic Ions = 1%

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5
Q

What is the formula of carbohydrates?

A

(CH2O)n

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6
Q

What is the function of carbohydrates?

A

Energy Storage / Fuel / Metabolite / Structural Element.

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7
Q

What are the main two types of monosaccharides in carbohydrates?

A
  • Ketones = ketone based

- Aldoses = aldehyde based

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8
Q

Do monosaccharides have chiral centres?

If so what is another name for chiral centres?

A

Yes = They have chiral centres.

Known as enantiomers.

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9
Q

What is the difference between ketone and aldose?

A

The position of the c = o bond differs.
In ketose -> the bond is in the middle.
In aldose -> the bond is at the end.

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10
Q

Name two examples of an aldose.

A

Glucose (also known as hexose).

Glycogen (known as hexose).

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11
Q

How are disaccharides formed?

A

Condensation Reaction = whereby H2O is released upon bond forming.

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12
Q

Name 3 polysaccharides.

A

Cellulose
Starch
Glycogen

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13
Q

What bond is in cellulose?

A

Beta 1 - 4 glycosidic bond

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14
Q

What bond is in starch and glycogen?

A

Alpha 1 - 4 glycosidic bond

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15
Q

Why is glycogen so compact?

A

There is 1,6 glycosidic bonds and therefore, the structure is coiled and tight.

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16
Q

What are oligosaccharides?

A

These are a combination of monosaccharides and therefore, create a variety of shapes.

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17
Q

What determines the function of a molecule?

A

The shape of the molecule.

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18
Q

Name an example of an oligosaccharide.

A

Blood Groups

19
Q

What happens when the wrong blood type is used during a transfusion?

A

Clotting occurs = Known as coagulation.

20
Q

What components make up an amino acid?

A

Amine Group
Carboxyl Acid Group
R group
Hydrogen atom

21
Q

What happens when amino acids react?

A

Condensation reaction occurs.

Peptide bond is formed and therefore, water molecule is released.

22
Q

What is the structure of proteins?

A

Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
Quaternary

23
Q

Explain what a primary structure is.

A

Amino acids joined together by peptide bonds.

Forms a polymer.

24
Q

Explain what a secondary structure is.

A

Protein chain is folded (stabilised by hydrogen bonds).

Folded to form alpha helices and beta pleated sheets.

25
Q

Explain what a tertiary structure is.

A

3D structure which is stabilised by H - Bonds / Hydrophobic / Hydrophilic / Van Der Waals.

26
Q

Explain what a quaternary structure is.

A

Several polypeptide chains are made.
These assemble to form a protein.
Stabilised by IONIC BONDS.

27
Q

Name two vasodilators.

A

Histidine

Histamine

28
Q

Name two molecules which trigger glycogen breakdown.

A

Tyrosine

Adrenaline

29
Q

What is the purpose of body fats?

A

Act predominantly as food preserves. (IE : Energy).

30
Q

What are body fats made of?

A

Glycerol and Fatty Acids.

31
Q

How is body fats linked to glycerol?

A

Glycerol Esters of Fatty Acids.

32
Q

How are fats transported in membranes?

A

Fats are transported via micelles and liposomes.

33
Q

Name the structure of a phospholipid molecule.

A

Hydrophilic Head

Hydrophobic Core

34
Q

What is cholesterol known as?

A

It is known as a steroid.

35
Q

How can cholesterol intercalate into the membrane?

A

OH group interacts with the polar lipid heads.

Its steroid scaffold interacts with the fatty acids.

36
Q

When cholesterol is bonded onto a structure what does it do to the membrane and the molecules too?

A

Decreases FLUIDITY.
Increases FLEXIBILITY.
Reduces PERMEABILITY for soluble molecules.

37
Q

Examples of hormones which have cholesterol.

A

Aldosterone
Cortisol
Estradiol
Testosterone

38
Q

What is the basic structure of a nucleotide?

A

Sugar
Base
Phosphate

39
Q

What are the 2 types of nucleotides?

A

Ribonucleotide

Deoxyribonucleotide

40
Q

What is the structure of DNA known as?

A

Anti - Parallel Structure.

As there is a 5” prime end alongside a 3” prime end too.

41
Q

What is the purpose of nucleotides?

A

Energy Units
Second Messenger
Involved in RNA synthesis

42
Q

What can affect the function of a protein?

A

Protein Denaturation = Loss of structure.

Protein Mutation = Change of structure.

43
Q

What are 2 major energy sources for humans?

A

Starch

Glycogen

44
Q

Is DNA or RNA more stable?

A

DNA is more stable because it has one LESS oxygen compared to RNA.