Cell Compartments and Organelles Flashcards by Virada Ravindran

How is the cell organised?

Protoplasm contains:

Water
Electrolytes / Ions
Proteins
Lipids
Carbohydrates

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What is the protoplasm?

Different Substances which make up the cell.

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How much does water makes up a cell?

Water takes up 70 - 85% most of the cells.

LOWER IN FAT CELLS

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Name some ions within the electrolytes / ions section of the cell.

K+ 
Na +
Cl- 
HCO3-
Mg2+ 
Ca2+

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What is the highest concentration of molecules within a cell?

Potassium (24 times HIGHER).

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Why is opening and closing of the ion channels important?

Essential for electrical conduction of impulses.

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How much does proteins makes up a cell?

10 - 20% concentration in a cell.

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What two types of proteins?

Structural

- Functional

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What is a structural protein?

Forms long filaments which are polymers.

Therefore, forms cytoskeletons and nerve axons.

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What is a functional protein?

Tubular and Globular Proteins.

Mobile in cells.

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How much does phospholipids and cholesterol make up a cell?

2% concentration in a cell.

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What are phospholipids used for in a cell?

Used to form cell membranes.

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Wha is the function of triglycerides?

Energy Storage.

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What is the function of carbohydrates?

Used for the nutrition of the cell and to also be structural in terms of glycoproteins.

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How much does carbohydrates make up a cell?

Glucose in surrounding extracellular fluid.

Glycogen as a form of energy storage.

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What is the cytoplasm?

Cell component inside the cell membrane.

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What is the cytoplasm composed of?

Cytosol
Organelles
Cytoplasmic Inclusions

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What is the composition of cytoplasm?

Water (80%) / Nucleic Acids / Lipids / Enzymes / Amino Acids / Carbohydrates / Ions.

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What is the function of the cytoplasm?

Involved in large cellular activities like glycolysis and nuclear division.
-> Freezes large organelles in place.

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What is cytosol?

Substance which fills the interior of the cell and embeds other organelles.

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What is the structure of cytosol?

Hydrophilic Jelly - Like matrix.

= The matrix allows free movement across the cell.

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What is the function of the cytosol?

Structural support for organelles.
Allows molecular transport.
Allows. formation of ion gradients across the membranes.

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What are organelles?

Small cellular structures which have specialised functions.

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Name some major organelles.

Nucleus
Ribosomes
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Golgi Apparatus
Mitochondria
Vacuole
Chloroplast.

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Name some minor organelles.

``` Centriole Cillium Glycosome Lysosome Peroxisome Nucleolus Proteosome ```

What is the main components of the nucleus?

``` Nuclear Envelope and Pore Nuclear Lamina and Intermediate Filaments Nucleoplasm - Nucleosol - Chromosomes - Nucleolus ```

What is the nuclear envelope?

Inner and Outer Membrane

What is the outer membrane?

Continuous with membrane of the RER and covered in ribosomes.

What is the perinulear space?

Space between the two membranes and continuous with the RER lumen.

What is the inner membrane?

Has nuclear lamina attached.

What is the function of the nuclear envelope and pores?

It is a selective barrier and exchange of molecules occurs between the nucleoplasm and cytoplasm - pores.

What is the function of the nuclear pore complex?

Exhanges components and prevents the transport of non - desired material.

What is the function of nuclear lamina and intermediate filaments?

``` Chromatin Organization Cell Cycle Regulation DNA replication DNA repair Apoptosis ```

What is contained within the nucleoplasm?

- Nucleosol / Nuclear Hyaloplasm - Chromosomes - Nucleolus

What are ribosomes?

Composed of special proteins and RNA.

What is the function of ribosomes?

Synthesises new protein molecules.

What is the size of ribosomes and how did this size come about?

80S is the actual size. | Formed from 40S and 60S.

What does the 40S subunits do?

Bind to the larger subunit and the mRNA template.

What does the 60S subunits do?

Binds to the tRNA / amino acids and the smaller subunit.

What size ribosomes does the mitochondria have?

70S ribosomes.

What is the process which occurs with the ribosomes?

As the mRNA travels through the ribosomes the genetic code is translated into the protein. Amino Acids are linked end to end by peptide bonds.

What is the endoplasmic reticulum?

Single membrane which consists of continuous network of tubular / flat vesicular structures in the cytoplasm.

What are the 2 types of endoplasmic reticulum?

- Rough ER | - Smooth ER

What is the purpose of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

Ribosomes attached for the translation and folding of new proteins.

What is the purpose of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

Synthesis of lipids and detoxication of certain drugs / toxins by P450 enzymes.

What is the Golgi Apparatus?

A single membrane compartment which has 4-8 layers of thin / flat / enclosed vesicles.

What are the 3 networks within the Golgi apparatus?

CIS = first cisternal structure MEDIAL TRANS = final structure

What is the function associated with Golgi apparatus?

Sorting / Packaging / Processing / Modification of Proteins.

What is the mitochondria?

Double membrane compartment present in the cytoplasm of ALL eukaryotes.

What is the structure of the mitochondria like?

Own circular DNA and ribosomes. | *Self - Replicative

What is the cristae within the mitochondria?

The inholdings which form tubules in the inner membrane.

What is the function of the mitochondria?

Energy production from the oxidation of glucose substances / Release of ATP / Apoptosis / Thermogenesis.

What is thermogenesis?

Involved in regulation of body temperature.

What is the vacuole?

Double - Membrane compartment filled with water. | = Contains organic and inorganic molecules.

How is a vacuole formed?

Formed by fusion of multiple membrane vesicles.

What is the function of the vacuole?

Storage / Transportation / Homeostasis Maintenance.

What is autophagy?

Recycles / Removes cells which are not functional.

What are cytoplasmic inclusions?

Intracellular non - living substances which aren't bound by membranes.

What is included within the cytoplasmic inclusions?

Glycogen Granules = Most common form of glucose in animals. Lipid Droplets = Storage form of triglycerides in various cell types. Pigment Granules = Melanin in melanocytes of skin / hair / retina. Crystals = common in human testes alongside macrophages.

What is the difference in diversity between cytosol and cytoplasm?

Cytosol has a low diversity compared to cytoplasm which has a high diversity.

What is a nuclear localization sequence?

This an amino acid sequence which "tags" a protein sequence for import into the cell nucleus. These amino acid sequences are composed of lysines or arginines.

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Cell Compartments and Organelles Flashcards

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