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Fundamentals of Science I > Cell Compartments and Organelles > Flashcards

Cell Compartments and Organelles Flashcards

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1
Q

How is the cell organised?

A

Protoplasm contains:

  • Water
  • Electrolytes / Ions
  • Proteins
  • Lipids
  • Carbohydrates
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2
Q

What is the protoplasm?

A

Different Substances which make up the cell.

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3
Q

How much does water makes up a cell?

A

Water takes up 70 - 85% most of the cells.

LOWER IN FAT CELLS

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4
Q

Name some ions within the electrolytes / ions section of the cell.

A 
K+ 
Na +
Cl- 
HCO3-
Mg2+ 
Ca2+
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5
Q

What is the highest concentration of molecules within a cell?

A

Potassium (24 times HIGHER).

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6
Q

Why is opening and closing of the ion channels important?

A

Essential for electrical conduction of impulses.

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7
Q

How much does proteins makes up a cell?

A

10 - 20% concentration in a cell.

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8
Q

What two types of proteins?

A
  • Structural

- Functional

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9
Q

What is a structural protein?

A

Forms long filaments which are polymers.

Therefore, forms cytoskeletons and nerve axons.

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10
Q

What is a functional protein?

A

Tubular and Globular Proteins.

Mobile in cells.

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11
Q

How much does phospholipids and cholesterol make up a cell?

A

2% concentration in a cell.

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12
Q

What are phospholipids used for in a cell?

A

Used to form cell membranes.

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13
Q

Wha is the function of triglycerides?

A

Energy Storage.

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14
Q

What is the function of carbohydrates?

A

Used for the nutrition of the cell and to also be structural in terms of glycoproteins.

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15
Q

How much does carbohydrates make up a cell?

A

Glucose in surrounding extracellular fluid.

Glycogen as a form of energy storage.

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16
Q

What is the cytoplasm?

A

Cell component inside the cell membrane.

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17
Q

What is the cytoplasm composed of?

A

Cytosol
Organelles
Cytoplasmic Inclusions

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18
Q

What is the composition of cytoplasm?

A

Water (80%) / Nucleic Acids / Lipids / Enzymes / Amino Acids / Carbohydrates / Ions.

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19
Q

What is the function of the cytoplasm?

A

Involved in large cellular activities like glycolysis and nuclear division.
-> Freezes large organelles in place.

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20
Q

What is cytosol?

A

Substance which fills the interior of the cell and embeds other organelles.

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21
Q

What is the structure of cytosol?

A

Hydrophilic Jelly - Like matrix.

= The matrix allows free movement across the cell.

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22
Q

What is the function of the cytosol?

A

Structural support for organelles.
Allows molecular transport.
Allows. formation of ion gradients across the membranes.

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23
Q

What are organelles?

A

Small cellular structures which have specialised functions.

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24
Q

Name some major organelles.

A 
Nucleus
Ribosomes
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Golgi Apparatus
Mitochondria
Vacuole
Chloroplast.
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25
Q

Name some minor organelles.

A 
Centriole
Cillium
Glycosome
Lysosome
Peroxisome
Nucleolus
Proteosome
26
Q

What is the main components of the nucleus?

A 
Nuclear Envelope and Pore
Nuclear Lamina and Intermediate Filaments
Nucleoplasm
- Nucleosol
- Chromosomes
- Nucleolus
27
Q

What is the nuclear envelope?

A

Inner and Outer Membrane

28
Q

What is the outer membrane?

A

Continuous with membrane of the RER and covered in ribosomes.

29
Q

What is the perinulear space?

A

Space between the two membranes and continuous with the RER lumen.

30
Q

What is the inner membrane?

A

Has nuclear lamina attached.

31
Q

What is the function of the nuclear envelope and pores?

A

It is a selective barrier and exchange of molecules occurs between the nucleoplasm and cytoplasm - pores.

32
Q

What is the function of the nuclear pore complex?

A

Exhanges components and prevents the transport of non - desired material.

33
Q

What is the function of nuclear lamina and intermediate filaments?

A 
Chromatin Organization
Cell Cycle Regulation
DNA replication 
DNA repair
Apoptosis
34
Q

What is contained within the nucleoplasm?

A
  • Nucleosol / Nuclear Hyaloplasm
  • Chromosomes
  • Nucleolus
35
Q

What are ribosomes?

A

Composed of special proteins and RNA.

36
Q

What is the function of ribosomes?

A

Synthesises new protein molecules.

37
Q

What is the size of ribosomes and how did this size come about?

A

80S is the actual size.

Formed from 40S and 60S.

38
Q

What does the 40S subunits do?

A

Bind to the larger subunit and the mRNA template.

39
Q

What does the 60S subunits do?

A

Binds to the tRNA / amino acids and the smaller subunit.

40
Q

What size ribosomes does the mitochondria have?

A

70S ribosomes.

41
Q

What is the process which occurs with the ribosomes?

A

As the mRNA travels through the ribosomes the genetic code is translated into the protein.
Amino Acids are linked end to end by peptide bonds.

42
Q

What is the endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Single membrane which consists of continuous network of tubular / flat vesicular structures in the cytoplasm.

43
Q

What are the 2 types of endoplasmic reticulum?

A
  • Rough ER

- Smooth ER

44
Q

What is the purpose of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Ribosomes attached for the translation and folding of new proteins.

45
Q

What is the purpose of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Synthesis of lipids and detoxication of certain drugs / toxins by P450 enzymes.

46
Q

What is the Golgi Apparatus?

A

A single membrane compartment which has 4-8 layers of thin / flat / enclosed vesicles.

47
Q

What are the 3 networks within the Golgi apparatus?

A

CIS = first cisternal structure
MEDIAL
TRANS = final structure

48
Q

What is the function associated with Golgi apparatus?

A

Sorting / Packaging / Processing / Modification of Proteins.

49
Q

What is the mitochondria?

A

Double membrane compartment present in the cytoplasm of ALL eukaryotes.

50
Q

What is the structure of the mitochondria like?

A

Own circular DNA and ribosomes.

*Self - Replicative

51
Q

What is the cristae within the mitochondria?

A

The inholdings which form tubules in the inner membrane.

52
Q

What is the function of the mitochondria?

A

Energy production from the oxidation of glucose substances / Release of ATP / Apoptosis / Thermogenesis.

53
Q

What is thermogenesis?

A

Involved in regulation of body temperature.

54
Q

What is the vacuole?

A

Double - Membrane compartment filled with water.

= Contains organic and inorganic molecules.

55
Q

How is a vacuole formed?

A

Formed by fusion of multiple membrane vesicles.

56
Q

What is the function of the vacuole?

A

Storage / Transportation / Homeostasis Maintenance.

57
Q

What is autophagy?

A

Recycles / Removes cells which are not functional.

58
Q

What are cytoplasmic inclusions?

A

Intracellular non - living substances which aren’t bound by membranes.

59
Q

What is included within the cytoplasmic inclusions?

A

Glycogen Granules = Most common form of glucose in animals.
Lipid Droplets = Storage form of triglycerides in various cell types.
Pigment Granules = Melanin in melanocytes of skin / hair / retina.
Crystals = common in human testes alongside macrophages.

60
Q

What is the difference in diversity between cytosol and cytoplasm?

A

Cytosol has a low diversity compared to cytoplasm which has a high diversity.

61
Q

What is a nuclear localization sequence?

A

This an amino acid sequence which “tags” a protein sequence for import into the cell nucleus.
These amino acid sequences are composed of lysines or arginines.

Fundamentals of Science I (45 decks)

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