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Fundamentals of Science I > Pathology of Inflammation II > Flashcards

Pathology of Inflammation II Flashcards

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1
Q

What are antigen presenting cells?

A

A heterogenous group of immune cells which mediate the cellular response.

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2
Q

What is the purpose of antigen presenting cells?

A

These process and present antigens for recognition by certain lymphocytes.

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3
Q

What 2 processes are antigen presenting cells involved in?

A

Innate and Adaptive.

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4
Q

What type of pathway is used to present antigen presenting cells?

A

Endocytic pathway.

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5
Q

What are the 3 signals used in the activation model for t- cells?

A

Signal 1 = Genetic Modification
Signal 2 = Co - Stimulatory
Signal 3 = Cytokine Receptors

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6
Q

What is the process for antigen presentation?

A

Cells process a protein antigen. They break into peptides and thus, present it with Class II major histamine complex where it interacts with T - cell receptors.

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7
Q

What is the Lymphatic system?

A

Network of tissues and organs which get RID of toxins and waste alongside other unwanted materials.

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8
Q

As you get older, what happens to the thymus gland?

A

It shrinks in size.

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9
Q

What is the primary function of the lymphatic system?

A

Transport lymph throughout the body.

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10
Q

What is lymph?

A

Fluid containing infection fighting WBC.

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11
Q

What are the major organs of the lymph system?

A 
Lymph Vessels
Lymph Nodes
Spleen
Thymus
Lymphocytes
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12
Q

What are the 2 main phases in adaptive immunity?

A

Induction Phase

Effector Phase

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13
Q

What are immature CD4 cells?

A

Produces helper cells.

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14
Q

What is the purpose of helper cells?

A

These help the t -cells to do cytotoxic mechanisms.

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15
Q

What is the induction phase?

A

When a pathogen is INGESTED by an immature dendritic cell in the infected tissues.

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16
Q

What is the purpose of cytotoxic T cells?

A

Kills intracellular pathogens.

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17
Q

What is the hygiene hypothesis?

A

TH1 cells DO NOT develop a lot - therefore, you are more likely to develop infections.
This is due to decreased microbial exposure.

18
Q

What is the effector phase?

A

Identify and destroy foreign substances.

19
Q

What are the two types of immunity?

A

Humoral Immunity

Cell mediated Immunity

20
Q

What is humoral immunity?

A

B cells make antibodies and is effective in extracellular fluid.

21
Q

What are the different types of antibodies made by the B cells?

A 
IgG = Memory antibody  
IgM = Controls b - cell activation
IgE = Mediates allergies
IgA = Surface fluids 
IgD = Signal to the B - cells to be activated
22
Q

What part of an antibody binds to the antigen?

A

The variable portion

23
Q

What is cell mediated immunity?

A

Cytotoxic T cells kill intracellular microorganisms.

They also activate macrophages.

24
Q

What are immunoglobulins?

A

Glycoprotein molecules produced by the plasma cells (WBC) which identify and destroy foreign substances.

25
Q

What does constitutional symptoms mean?

A

A group of symptoms which can affect MANY different systems of the body.

26
Q

What are some of the constitutional symptoms of inflammation?

A 
Malaria 
Fatigue 
Anorexia
Nausea
Muscle aches.
27
Q

What is the effect of the liver on the systemic effects of inflammation?

A

Releases acute phase response proteins = C - reactive protein.

28
Q

What is the purpose of pyrogens?

A

Produced by the bacterium = produces fever.

29
Q

How is the innate immune system activated?

A

Release of the pro - inflammatory cytokines from immune - related cells + chronic activation of the innate immune system.

30
Q

What is the purpose of M2 macrophages?

A

They heal the site of infection + clean up debris of the immune response.
They CALM the immune response.

31
Q

What is exudate?

A

Fluid from inflammation which leaks into the pleura and lungs.

32
Q

What is rubor?

A

This is redness and vasodilation INCREASES with rubor.

33
Q

What is cellulitis?

A

Inflammation of the skin.

34
Q

Why do abscesses form?

A

This is due to excessive saturation and is due to an inflammatory bacteria entering.

35
Q

What is chronic inflammation?

A

Lack of neutrophils and MORE FIBROSIS.

This results in more scar tissue -> similar to cirrhosis.

36
Q

What is fibrosis?

A

Thickening and Scarring of connective tissue due to injury.

37
Q

What does rusty sputum mean?c

A

Red blood cells leaking out and this is coughed up.

38
Q

What is C - reactive protein?

A

Protein made by the liver and released into the blood after the blood after tissue injury.

39
Q

What is indicated if the c - reactive levels are ABOVE 100m/L?

A

Indicates a bacterial infection.

40
Q

What is empyema?

A

Collection of pus in the pleural space.

41
Q

What is a fibrin coat?

A

Scar tissue builds up and divides the chest cavity into SMALLER chest cavities.

42
Q

What is OR (odds ratio)?

A

How many times MORE likely are you to get the conditions when taking NSAIDS.

Fundamentals of Science I (45 decks)

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