Pathology of Inflammation II

Question 1

What are antigen presenting cells?

Answer 1

A heterogenous group of immune cells which mediate the cellular response.

Question 2

What is the purpose of antigen presenting cells?

Answer 2

These process and present antigens for recognition by certain lymphocytes.

Question 3

What 2 processes are antigen presenting cells involved in?

Answer 3

Innate and Adaptive.

Question 4

What type of pathway is used to present antigen presenting cells?

Answer 4

Endocytic pathway.

Question 5

What are the 3 signals used in the activation model for t- cells?

Answer 5

Signal 1 = Genetic Modification
Signal 2 = Co - Stimulatory
Signal 3 = Cytokine Receptors

Question 6

What is the process for antigen presentation?

Answer 6

Cells process a protein antigen. They break into peptides and thus, present it with Class II major histamine complex where it interacts with T - cell receptors.

Question 7

What is the Lymphatic system?

Answer 7

Network of tissues and organs which get RID of toxins and waste alongside other unwanted materials.

Question 8

As you get older, what happens to the thymus gland?

Answer 8

It shrinks in size.

Question 9

What is the primary function of the lymphatic system?

Answer 9

Transport lymph throughout the body.

Question 10

What is lymph?

Answer 10

Fluid containing infection fighting WBC.

Question 11

What are the major organs of the lymph system?

Answer 11

Lymph Vessels
Lymph Nodes
Spleen
Thymus
Lymphocytes

Question 12

What are the 2 main phases in adaptive immunity?

Answer 12

Induction Phase

Effector Phase

Question 13

What are immature CD4 cells?

Answer 13

Produces helper cells.

Question 14

What is the purpose of helper cells?

Answer 14

These help the t -cells to do cytotoxic mechanisms.

Question 15

What is the induction phase?

Answer 15

When a pathogen is INGESTED by an immature dendritic cell in the infected tissues.

Question 16

What is the purpose of cytotoxic T cells?

Answer 16

Kills intracellular pathogens.

Question 17

What is the hygiene hypothesis?

Answer 17

TH1 cells DO NOT develop a lot - therefore, you are more likely to develop infections.
This is due to decreased microbial exposure.

Question 18

What is the effector phase?

Answer 18

Identify and destroy foreign substances.

Question 19

What are the two types of immunity?

Answer 19

Humoral Immunity

Cell mediated Immunity

Question 20

What is humoral immunity?

Answer 20

B cells make antibodies and is effective in extracellular fluid.

Question 21

What are the different types of antibodies made by the B cells?

Answer 21

IgG = Memory antibody  
IgM = Controls b - cell activation
IgE = Mediates allergies
IgA = Surface fluids 
IgD = Signal to the B - cells to be activated

Question 22

What part of an antibody binds to the antigen?

Answer 22

The variable portion

Question 23

What is cell mediated immunity?

Answer 23

Cytotoxic T cells kill intracellular microorganisms.

They also activate macrophages.

Question 24

What are immunoglobulins?

Answer 24

Glycoprotein molecules produced by the plasma cells (WBC) which identify and destroy foreign substances.

Question 25

What does constitutional symptoms mean?

Answer 25

A group of symptoms which can affect MANY different systems of the body.

Question 26

What are some of the constitutional symptoms of inflammation?

Answer 26

``` Malaria Fatigue Anorexia Nausea Muscle aches. ```

Question 27

What is the effect of the liver on the systemic effects of inflammation?

Answer 27

Releases acute phase response proteins = C - reactive protein.

Question 28

What is the purpose of pyrogens?

Answer 28

Produced by the bacterium = produces fever.

Question 29

How is the innate immune system activated?

Answer 29

Release of the pro - inflammatory cytokines from immune - related cells + chronic activation of the innate immune system.

Question 30

What is the purpose of M2 macrophages?

Answer 30

They heal the site of infection + clean up debris of the immune response. They CALM the immune response.

Question 31

What is exudate?

Answer 31

Fluid from inflammation which leaks into the pleura and lungs.

Question 32

What is rubor?

Answer 32

This is redness and vasodilation INCREASES with rubor.

Question 33

What is cellulitis?

Answer 33

Inflammation of the skin.

Question 34

Why do abscesses form?

Answer 34

This is due to excessive saturation and is due to an inflammatory bacteria entering.

Question 35

What is chronic inflammation?

Answer 35

Lack of neutrophils and MORE FIBROSIS. | This results in more scar tissue -> similar to cirrhosis.

Question 36

What is fibrosis?

Answer 36

Thickening and Scarring of connective tissue due to injury.

Question 37

What does rusty sputum mean?c

Answer 37

Red blood cells leaking out and this is coughed up.

Question 38

What is C - reactive protein?

Answer 38

Protein made by the liver and released into the blood after the blood after tissue injury.

Question 39

What is indicated if the c - reactive levels are ABOVE 100m/L?

Answer 39

Indicates a bacterial infection.

Question 40

What is empyema?

Answer 40

Collection of pus in the pleural space.

Question 41

What is a fibrin coat?

Answer 41

Scar tissue builds up and divides the chest cavity into SMALLER chest cavities.

Question 42

What is OR (odds ratio)?

Answer 42

How many times MORE likely are you to get the conditions when taking NSAIDS.