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Fundamentals of Science I > Innate Immunity > Flashcards

Innate Immunity Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the immunity system often split into?

A
  • Innate

- Adaptive

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2
Q

What does the immune system entail?

A

The body’s ability to recognise and defend itself against invaders.

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3
Q

What is the purpose of primary lymphoid tissues?

A

Educates adaptive immune cells to not recognise itself.

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4
Q

What is the purpose of secondary lymphoid tissues?

A

Allows adaptive immune cells and antigens to get together to initiate the adaptive immune response.

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5
Q

What is entailed regarding specificity when it comes to the INNATE immune system?

A

Non - Specific

No memory

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6
Q

What is entailed regarding specificity when it comes to the ADAPTIVE immune system?

A

Specific

Powerful memory

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7
Q

What are the 3 main types of WBC’s?

A

Basophils / Eosinophils / Neutrophils

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8
Q

What is the purpose of dendritic cells?

A

These are messengers between the innate and adaptive immune system.

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9
Q

What are the 4 defensive barriers for innate immunity?

A

Anatomical / Physiological / Phagocytic / Inflammatory

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10
Q

Name some examples regarding anatomical defensive barriers?

A

Skin / Mucous Membranes.

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11
Q

Name some examples regarding physiological defensive barriers?

A

Temperature / Low pH / Chemical Mediators.

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12
Q

Name some examples regarding phagocytic defensive barriers?

A

Specialised WBC

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13
Q

Name some examples regarding inflammatory defensive barriers?

A

Releases MANY mediators / Vascular permeability changes / Serum proteins with anti - bacterial activity.

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14
Q

Explain more about the skin as an anatomical barrier.

A

It’s a mechanical barrier which prevents microbe entry.

Needs an acidic environment in order to prevent growth of microbes.

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15
Q

Explain the mechanism behind bacteria being killed.

A

Microbe motors are sensitive to pH changes and thus, the pH is lowered.
This means the motor STOPS and thus bacteria is killed.

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16
Q

How is microbe growth stopped?

A

Chemically interacts with proteins and thus, chemical structure is LOST.

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17
Q

Explain more about mucosal surfaces as an anatomical barrier.

A

Mucus Entrapment occurs = Protects organs from foreign particles and chemicals.
Cilia Propulsion = Expels bacteria.

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18
Q

What particular social activity can deplete the growth and function of cilia?

A

Smoking.

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19
Q

Explain more about temperature as a physiological barrier.

A

37 Celsius degrees.

Inhibits growth and enhance the action of some host enzymes.

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20
Q

Explain more about low pH as a physiological barrier.

A

Acidity of stomach contents.

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21
Q

Explain more about chemical mediators as a physiological barrier.

A

Lysozyme / Interferon / Collectins / Proteins are released.

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22
Q

What is collectin and what is the purpose of it?

A

A combination of collagen and lectin combined.

They are released in order to mediate inflammatory responses.

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23
Q

What are the 3 main processes which occurs with a phagocytic barrier?

A
  • Endocytosis
  • Phagocytosis
  • Pinocytosis
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24
Q

Explain what endocytosis is?

A

Uptake of extracellular material.

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25
Q

Explain what phagocytosis is?

A

Active uptake of particulate material via formation of finger - like projections of cytoplasm and attempted degradation of material.

26
Q

Explain what pinocytosis is?

A

Uptake of LARGE soluble material.

27
Q

What HAS to happen in order for phagocytosis to occur?

A

The cell has to been in PHYSICAL CONTACT with the particle it wants to engulf in order for phagocytosis to occur.

28
Q

What happens in direct recognition?

A

Pattern recognition receptors bind to molecules.

29
Q

What happens in indirect recognition?

A

Serum Proteins can coat particles which then are recognised by R’s on the phagocytes.

30
Q

What are the two pathways which can be taken in order for digestion to occur?

A

Can be:

  • Oxygen Independent
  • Oxygen Dependent
31
Q

In oxygen dependent, why does acidification occur?

A

Occurs due to lactic acid and H+ being produced.

This results in phagolysosomes becoming acidified.

32
Q

What are defensins?

A

These are polypeptides and are electrostatically attracted to pathogens.
They form pores in the surface.

33
Q

What are the 3 main enzymes present in the oxygen independent pathway?

A

Lysozyme / Lipase / Proteinase

34
Q

Explain what is meant by a respiratory burst.

A

There is a rapid increase in O2 consumption.

35
Q

Why does the oxygen dependent pathway produce very unstable molecules?

A

The cytoplasmic and membrane associated enzymes oxidise molecules and thus the molecules are left with unpaired electrons.

36
Q

Which substances are known as free radicals?

A

Reactive Oxygen or Nitrogen Intermediates.

37
Q

List the summary of phagocytosis.

A

1) Bacterium becomes attached to membrane evaginations called PSEUDOPODIA.
2) Bacterium is ingested = forms a PHAGOSOME.
3) Phagosome fuses with lysosome.
4) Lysosomal enzymes digest captured material.
5) Digestion products are released from the cell.

38
Q

What is one of the body’s early defence reactions to infection or damage?

A

Inflammation (this is also known as wide immune activation).

39
Q

What are the 5 main signs of inflammation?

A 
Rubor = Redness 
Calor = Heat 
Dolor = Pain
Tumor = Swelling 
Loss of Function
40
Q

What events occur during inflammation?

A

Increasing blood flow / Permeability of vasculature / Limiting infection spread / Tissue damage / Promoting healing.

41
Q

Name some examples of inflammatory mediators.

A 
Cytokines 
Enzymatic Cascades 
Complement Components 
Prostaglandins 
Leukotrienes
42
Q

What are the two categories which cytokines fall into?

A

Pro - Inflammatory

Anti - Inflammatory

43
Q

In pro - inflammatory, which interleukins are released early on?

A

Interleukins - 1,6 and Tumour Necrosis Factor ‘ALPHA’ are released.
These are early alarm signals which produce local and systemic effects.

44
Q

What is the purpose of Interleukin - 12?

A

Activates adaptive immune responses within the T- Cells.

45
Q

What is the purpose of Interferon ‘GAMMA’?

A

They contribute to the chronic inflammation by recruiting macrophages to sites of damage and infection.

46
Q

What is the purpose of an anti - inflammatory cytokine?

A

These dampen the immune response down and is produced MUCH later in the immune response.

47
Q

What substances are involved with the anti - inflammatory response?

A

Interleukin 10 and Transforming Growth Factor BETA

48
Q

What is the purpose of chemokines?

A

They are small proteins which allow cells to move from one area to another area.

49
Q

What is another name for chemokines?

A

Chemoattractants.

50
Q

What are the two major families of chemokines?

A

CC and CXC.

51
Q

What is the process which occurs when specific receptors bind on WBC’s?

A

Chemotaxis.

52
Q

Explain what happens during chemotaxis.

A

Stimulates migration and activation of the cells towards the gradient of the chemokine.

53
Q

What is a complement (C)?

A

Group of serum and cell surface proteins.

54
Q

What is the purpose of a complement?

A
  • Regulate inflammatory and immune responses.
  • Act as opsonins to increase phagocytosis.
  • Lyse cells and microorganisms.
55
Q

What are prostaglandins and leukotrienes?

A

These are unsaturated fatty acids which have been derived from arachidonic acid.

56
Q

What is the function of prostaglandins?

A

They cause vascular dilation and enhances the effects of histamine / bradykinin on vascular permeability.

57
Q

What is the function of leukotrienes?

A

They promote WBC migration into tissues.

58
Q

Which two substances increase vascular permeability?

A

Bradykinin and Plasmin.

59
Q

Which two substances are known as ‘adhesion molecules?’

A

VCAM - 1

ICAM - 1

60
Q

What is the purpose of adhesion molecules?

A

They bind to monocytes and also, entrap cells to bind.

61
Q

What is the name of the gap between a NK cell and the target?

A

An immunological synapse.

62
Q

What are the 3 main killing mechanisms that the NK cell uses?

A
  • Forms pores in the target cell.
  • Induces apoptosis.
  • Kills range of tumour targets and virally infected cells.

Fundamentals of Science I (45 decks)

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