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Fundamentals of Science I > Cardiac and Vascular Physiology > Flashcards

Cardiac and Vascular Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What are 2 main types of vascular systems?

A

Closed circulatory system

Vertebrate cardiovascular system

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2
Q

What is a closed circulatory system?

A

Blood flows through the capillaries connected by the arteries and veins.
(ENCLOSED system).
-> Found in echinoderms and vertebrates.

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3
Q

What are echinoderms?

A

Marine invertebrates.

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4
Q

What is a vertebrate cardiovascular system?

A

Includes a heart which CONTRACTS to propel blood out to the body via arteries and series of blood vessels.

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5
Q

What are the main types of circulation within the human cardiovascular system?

A

Arterial
Venous
Pulmonary

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6
Q

What is the arterial circulation?

A

Carries oxygenated blood from the heart throughout the body.
Begins at the aorta and carries blood from the heart to ALL the body’s tissues.

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7
Q

What is the venous circulation?

A

Returns de - oxygenated blood back to the heart.

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8
Q

What happens to the blood vessels as they get further away from the heart?

A

They get SMALLER as they get FURTHER AWAY from the heart.

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9
Q

What are the two main vessels involved with venous circulation?

A

Superior Vena Cava

Inferior Vena Cava

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10
Q

What is the purpose of the superior vena cava?

A

Brings blood from head and arms to the heart.

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11
Q

What is the purpose of the inferior vena cava?

A

Brings blood from the abdomen and legs into the heart.

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12
Q

What is the pulmonary circulation?

A

Transports both OXYGENATED and DEOXYGENATED blood.

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13
Q

How many chambers are there in a mammalian heart?

A

4 chambers

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14
Q

What are the two different types of chambers?

A

Atrium

Ventricles

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15
Q

What is an atrium?

A

Receives blood returning to the heart from the veins.

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16
Q

What are the ventricles?

A

Pumps blood from the heart to the body and the lungs.

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17
Q

What is a mitral valve?

A

Valve between the left atrium and left ventricle of the heart -> this has 2 tapered cusps.

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18
Q

What is the brachiohepatic artery?

A

Supplies blood to the right area and the head and the neck.

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19
Q

What is another name for atrioventricular valves?

A

Cuspid valves.

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20
Q

What is the purpose of the left atria?

A

Receives oxygen rich blood from the lungs and pumps it to the left ventricle.

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21
Q

What is the purpose of the right atria?

A

Receives oxygen poor blood from the body and pumps it to the lungs.

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22
Q

What is the intraventricular septum?

A

Dividing wall between the ventricles.

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23
Q

What are the semilunar valves?

A

Located in the arteries leaving the heart -> Prevents back flow of blood.
Prevents inversion and prolapse of the valves on systole.

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24
Q

What is the purpose of the left ventricle?

A

Pumps oxygen rich blood to the body.

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25
What is the purpose of the right ventricle?
Pumps oxygen poor blood to the lungs.
26
What are the 3 main cells of the heart?
Cardiomyocytes Fibroblasts Endothelial
27
What are cardiomyocytes?
Cells responsible for generating contractile force in the intact heart. They make up the antra and the ventricles.
28
What are fibroblasts?
These are spindle shaped cells and are responsible for the production of collagen.
29
What are the 3 main 'cardiums' of the heart wall?
Myocardium Endocardium Pericardium
30
What is the purpose of the myocardium?
Muscular tissue of the heart. | Pumping blood with oxygen to the body.
31
What is the purpose of the endocardium?
Innermost layer of the heart -> Lines the cavities and valves. Regulates the contractions.
32
What is the purpose of the pericardium?
Double walled sac containing heart // roots of the great vessels.
33
What are the two layers of the pericardium?
Serous | Fibrous
34
What is a myocardial perfusion?
This is an IMAGING TEST -> shows how well blood flows through the heart muscle.
35
When does blood fill in the coronary arteries?
Blood fills in the coronary arteries when it's relaxed.
36
How do the coronary arteries function?
Supplies blood throughout the myocardium.
37
What is the difference between the left and right coronary arteries?
The left supplies blood to the left side of the heart whereas the right supplies blood to the right side of the heart.
38
Which vessel can suffer from atherosclerosis and thus, a heart attack can occur from?
Left anterior descending artery. (LAD)
39
What is diastole?
This is the filling of blood in the heart and occurs during the relaxation phase.
40
What is systole?
This is the pumping of the blood in the heart and occurs during the contraction phase.
41
What is the cardiac output?
Volume of blood expelled from the left ventricle at each beat.
42
What is the ejection fraction?
The percentage of blood expelled from the left ventricle at each beat.
43
Why is the ejection fraction never 100% ?
Some blood ALWAYS remains in the heart.
44
What is a normal value for the ejection fraction?
60%
45
What is the purpose of the sinoatrial node?
Initiated region for electrical impulse -> STIMULATES CONTRACTION.
46
What are bundle branches?
Transmits cardiac action potentials from the bundle of His to the purkinje fibres.
47
What is an atrioventricular node?
Delays node to enable ventricular filling.
48
What is a purkinje fibre?
Part of the conduction system of the heart. | Coordinates the electrical signal which causes rhythmic and synchronised contractions of atria and ventricles.
49
What does the P wave depict?
Atrial Depolarisation.
50
What does the QRS complex indicate?
Ventricular Depolarisation.
51
What does the T wave depict?
Ventricular Repolarisation.
52
What is the cardiac output?
Volume of blood pumped by one ventricle per minute.
53
What is the equation for cardiac output?
Cardiac Output (ml // min) = Heart Rate (beats // min) X stroke volume (ml // beat).
54
What happens to the cardiac output when you increase the stroke volume?
INCREASES the cardiac output.
55
How do you define the vascular system?
A vascular tree.
56
What kind of pressure system is present in the arteries?
High pressure system.
57
What kind of pressure system is present in the veins?
Low pressure system.
58
What is a dense region of cells?
Tunica Media.
59
What happens to the cardiac output, if the venous output drops?
The cardiac output drops too.
60
What is the purpose of capillaries?
Forms network between arteries and veins : allows transfer of nutrients to and from the tissues.
61
What are the 3 types of capillaries?
1) Continuous 2) Fenestrated 3) Sinusoid
62
What is the purpose of continuous capillaries?
Provides an interrupted lining.
63
What is the purpose of fenestrated capillaries?
Allows SMALL molecules and limited amounts of protein to diffuse.
64
What is the purpose of sinusoid capillaries?
Allows RBC and WBC and serum proteins to pass via a basal lamina.
65
What is the basal lamina?
Layer of matrix secreted by the epithelial cells.
66
What is the lymphatic system?
Thin walled vessels which are complementary to the vascular system and carry lymph.
67
What is the lymphatic system made up of?
Lymph Nodes // Ducts // Vessels.
68
What are the 4 main factors which control the flow of blood in the vessels?
Fluid force of the blood caused by the contraction of heart. Size of vessels. Action of smooth muscle cells. One - Way valve.
69
What way does blood normally flow in?
High to Low pressure.
70
What is systolic pressure?
Measure of contractile force.
71
What is diastolic pressure?
Drop in force when the heart is at rest.
72
What is the pulse pressure?
Difference between systolic and diastolic pressure.
73
What is blood pressure?
Measure of force that you heart uses to pump blood around the body.
74
What is the mean arterial pressure?
Defined as the average pressure which drives blood through tissues.
75
What is the equation for mean arterial pressure (MAP)?
Diastolic pressure + 1/3 pulse pressure.
76
What is the normal range for MAP?
70 - 100 mmHg.
77
What is total peripheral resistance?
Sum of : Length of vessel. Blood Viscosity. Vessel Radius.
78
What is the equation for blood pressure?
Cardiac output x total peripheral resistance.
79
What is vascular resistance?
Resistance which must be OVERCOME in order to push blood through the circulatory system and create flow.
80
What happens to the resistance when the arteries constrict?
Increases.

Fundamentals of Science I (45 decks)

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