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Fundamentals of Science I > Cardiac and Vascular Physiology > Flashcards

Cardiac and Vascular Physiology Flashcards

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1
Q

What are 2 main types of vascular systems?

A

Closed circulatory system

Vertebrate cardiovascular system

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2
Q

What is a closed circulatory system?

A

Blood flows through the capillaries connected by the arteries and veins.
(ENCLOSED system).
-> Found in echinoderms and vertebrates.

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3
Q

What are echinoderms?

A

Marine invertebrates.

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4
Q

What is a vertebrate cardiovascular system?

A

Includes a heart which CONTRACTS to propel blood out to the body via arteries and series of blood vessels.

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5
Q

What are the main types of circulation within the human cardiovascular system?

A

Arterial
Venous
Pulmonary

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6
Q

What is the arterial circulation?

A

Carries oxygenated blood from the heart throughout the body.
Begins at the aorta and carries blood from the heart to ALL the body’s tissues.

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7
Q

What is the venous circulation?

A

Returns de - oxygenated blood back to the heart.

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8
Q

What happens to the blood vessels as they get further away from the heart?

A

They get SMALLER as they get FURTHER AWAY from the heart.

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9
Q

What are the two main vessels involved with venous circulation?

A

Superior Vena Cava

Inferior Vena Cava

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10
Q

What is the purpose of the superior vena cava?

A

Brings blood from head and arms to the heart.

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11
Q

What is the purpose of the inferior vena cava?

A

Brings blood from the abdomen and legs into the heart.

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12
Q

What is the pulmonary circulation?

A

Transports both OXYGENATED and DEOXYGENATED blood.

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13
Q

How many chambers are there in a mammalian heart?

A

4 chambers

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14
Q

What are the two different types of chambers?

A

Atrium

Ventricles

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15
Q

What is an atrium?

A

Receives blood returning to the heart from the veins.

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16
Q

What are the ventricles?

A

Pumps blood from the heart to the body and the lungs.

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17
Q

What is a mitral valve?

A

Valve between the left atrium and left ventricle of the heart -> this has 2 tapered cusps.

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18
Q

What is the brachiohepatic artery?

A

Supplies blood to the right area and the head and the neck.

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19
Q

What is another name for atrioventricular valves?

A

Cuspid valves.

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20
Q

What is the purpose of the left atria?

A

Receives oxygen rich blood from the lungs and pumps it to the left ventricle.

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21
Q

What is the purpose of the right atria?

A

Receives oxygen poor blood from the body and pumps it to the lungs.

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22
Q

What is the intraventricular septum?

A

Dividing wall between the ventricles.

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23
Q

What are the semilunar valves?

A

Located in the arteries leaving the heart -> Prevents back flow of blood.
Prevents inversion and prolapse of the valves on systole.

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24
Q

What is the purpose of the left ventricle?

A

Pumps oxygen rich blood to the body.

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25
Q

What is the purpose of the right ventricle?

A

Pumps oxygen poor blood to the lungs.

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26
Q

What are the 3 main cells of the heart?

A

Cardiomyocytes
Fibroblasts
Endothelial

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27
Q

What are cardiomyocytes?

A

Cells responsible for generating contractile force in the intact heart.
They make up the antra and the ventricles.

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28
Q

What are fibroblasts?

A

These are spindle shaped cells and are responsible for the production of collagen.

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29
Q

What are the 3 main ‘cardiums’ of the heart wall?

A

Myocardium
Endocardium
Pericardium

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30
Q

What is the purpose of the myocardium?

A

Muscular tissue of the heart.

Pumping blood with oxygen to the body.

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31
Q

What is the purpose of the endocardium?

A

Innermost layer of the heart -> Lines the cavities and valves.
Regulates the contractions.

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32
Q

What is the purpose of the pericardium?

A

Double walled sac containing heart // roots of the great vessels.

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33
Q

What are the two layers of the pericardium?

A

Serous

Fibrous

34
Q

What is a myocardial perfusion?

A

This is an IMAGING TEST -> shows how well blood flows through the heart muscle.

35
Q

When does blood fill in the coronary arteries?

A

Blood fills in the coronary arteries when it’s relaxed.

36
Q

How do the coronary arteries function?

A

Supplies blood throughout the myocardium.

37
Q

What is the difference between the left and right coronary arteries?

A

The left supplies blood to the left side of the heart whereas the right supplies blood to the right side of the heart.

38
Q

Which vessel can suffer from atherosclerosis and thus, a heart attack can occur from?

A

Left anterior descending artery. (LAD)

39
Q

What is diastole?

A

This is the filling of blood in the heart and occurs during the relaxation phase.

40
Q

What is systole?

A

This is the pumping of the blood in the heart and occurs during the contraction phase.

41
Q

What is the cardiac output?

A

Volume of blood expelled from the left ventricle at each beat.

42
Q

What is the ejection fraction?

A

The percentage of blood expelled from the left ventricle at each beat.

43
Q

Why is the ejection fraction never 100% ?

A

Some blood ALWAYS remains in the heart.

44
Q

What is a normal value for the ejection fraction?

A

60%

45
Q

What is the purpose of the sinoatrial node?

A

Initiated region for electrical impulse -> STIMULATES CONTRACTION.

46
Q

What are bundle branches?

A

Transmits cardiac action potentials from the bundle of His to the purkinje fibres.

47
Q

What is an atrioventricular node?

A

Delays node to enable ventricular filling.

48
Q

What is a purkinje fibre?

A

Part of the conduction system of the heart.

Coordinates the electrical signal which causes rhythmic and synchronised contractions of atria and ventricles.

49
Q

What does the P wave depict?

A

Atrial Depolarisation.

50
Q

What does the QRS complex indicate?

A

Ventricular Depolarisation.

51
Q

What does the T wave depict?

A

Ventricular Repolarisation.

52
Q

What is the cardiac output?

A

Volume of blood pumped by one ventricle per minute.

53
Q

What is the equation for cardiac output?

A

Cardiac Output (ml // min) = Heart Rate (beats // min) X stroke volume (ml // beat).

54
Q

What happens to the cardiac output when you increase the stroke volume?

A

INCREASES the cardiac output.

55
Q

How do you define the vascular system?

A

A vascular tree.

56
Q

What kind of pressure system is present in the arteries?

A

High pressure system.

57
Q

What kind of pressure system is present in the veins?

A

Low pressure system.

58
Q

What is a dense region of cells?

A

Tunica Media.

59
Q

What happens to the cardiac output, if the venous output drops?

A

The cardiac output drops too.

60
Q

What is the purpose of capillaries?

A

Forms network between arteries and veins : allows transfer of nutrients to and from the tissues.

61
Q

What are the 3 types of capillaries?

A

1) Continuous
2) Fenestrated
3) Sinusoid

62
Q

What is the purpose of continuous capillaries?

A

Provides an interrupted lining.

63
Q

What is the purpose of fenestrated capillaries?

A

Allows SMALL molecules and limited amounts of protein to diffuse.

64
Q

What is the purpose of sinusoid capillaries?

A

Allows RBC and WBC and serum proteins to pass via a basal lamina.

65
Q

What is the basal lamina?

A

Layer of matrix secreted by the epithelial cells.

66
Q

What is the lymphatic system?

A

Thin walled vessels which are complementary to the vascular system and carry lymph.

67
Q

What is the lymphatic system made up of?

A

Lymph Nodes // Ducts // Vessels.

68
Q

What are the 4 main factors which control the flow of blood in the vessels?

A

Fluid force of the blood caused by the contraction of heart.
Size of vessels.
Action of smooth muscle cells.
One - Way valve.

69
Q

What way does blood normally flow in?

A

High to Low pressure.

70
Q

What is systolic pressure?

A

Measure of contractile force.

71
Q

What is diastolic pressure?

A

Drop in force when the heart is at rest.

72
Q

What is the pulse pressure?

A

Difference between systolic and diastolic pressure.

73
Q

What is blood pressure?

A

Measure of force that you heart uses to pump blood around the body.

74
Q

What is the mean arterial pressure?

A

Defined as the average pressure which drives blood through tissues.

75
Q

What is the equation for mean arterial pressure (MAP)?

A

Diastolic pressure + 1/3 pulse pressure.

76
Q

What is the normal range for MAP?

A

70 - 100 mmHg.

77
Q

What is total peripheral resistance?

A

Sum of :
Length of vessel.
Blood Viscosity.
Vessel Radius.

78
Q

What is the equation for blood pressure?

A

Cardiac output x total peripheral resistance.

79
Q

What is vascular resistance?

A

Resistance which must be OVERCOME in order to push blood through the circulatory system and create flow.

80
Q

What happens to the resistance when the arteries constrict?

A

Increases.

Fundamentals of Science I (45 decks)

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