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Fundamentals of Science I > Introduction to Coagulation and Platelet Aggregation > Flashcards

Introduction to Coagulation and Platelet Aggregation Flashcards

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1
Q

What are platelets?

A

These are cytoplasmic fragments.

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2
Q

What is the function of platelets in haemostasis ?

A

Maintenance of vascular integrity.
Initial arrest of bleeding by platelet plug formation.
Stabilisation of homeostatic plug.

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3
Q

Which process can’t platelets undergo?

A

Can’t undergo mitosis.

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4
Q

What can platelets do?

A

These platelets have proteins which allow them to stick to the gaps in the blood vessel wall and thus, stick to each other.

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5
Q

What is platelet adhesion?

A

This is when single platelets BIND via specific membrane receptors to cellular and extracellular matrix constituents of the vessel wall and the tissues.

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6
Q

Why is platelet adhesion important?

A

This is an early phase of platelet activation and LIMITS bleeding by promoting platelet aggregation and clot formation.

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7
Q

What is another name for clot formation?

A

This is known as Thrombosis.

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8
Q

What is platelet adhesion used to treat?

A

Used to treat vascular injury.

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9
Q

What is the purpose of fibronectin?

A

Involved in cell adhesion // growth // migration // differentiation

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10
Q

What is the function of a von Willebrand factor?

A

1) Acts as a bridging molecule at the sites of vascular injury for normal platelet adhesion.
2) Promotes platelet aggregation.

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11
Q

What are the 2 main binding sites for platelets to go attach on to the vWF?

A 
GPIb - IX - V complex 
Integrin aIIb(beta)3
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12
Q

How are platelets activated?

A

They are activated by a number of agonists like ADP and collagen.

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13
Q

Why is collagen important for platelet activation?

A

Important for potentiation of platelet activation.

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14
Q

What is GP VI?

A

This is a glycoprotein receptor for collagen which is expressed in platelets.
It is a receptor for thrombus formation on banded collagen fibres.

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15
Q

Why is degranulation IMPORTANT?

A

Important marker of platelet activation = characterised by DISAPPEARANCE of platelets secretory granules from the platelet interior.

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16
Q

What is the purpose of thrombin and ADP being released?

A

Releases secondary agonists = THROMBOXANE.

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17
Q

What is p - selectin?

A

Triggers intracellular signalling = Involved in platelet activation and aggregation.

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18
Q

What is a thrombus?

A

This is a formation of BLOOD CLOTS in the blood vessels.

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19
Q

What is platelet release reaction?

A

Cells have to be activated by SPECIFIC LIGANDS. These interact with platelet membrane receptors via G - protein coupled receptors.

20
Q

What is collagen and thrombin?

A

Potent activators of platelets.

These platelets are activated via thrombin // collagen.

21
Q

Where is thrombin activated?

A

Vascular Injury and vessel wall collagen.

22
Q

How is ADP actively and passively secreted?

A

It is ACTIVELY secreted from platelets dense granules and PASSIVELY secreted via damaged erythrocytes and endothelial cells.

23
Q

In terms of platelet activation what are the markers?

A

PF4
PDGF
Thrombaglobulin

24
Q

What do the platelet markers have in common?

A

These are all clothing factors.

25
Q

What is the primary and secondary hemostasis referred to as?

A

Coagulation Cascade.

Leads to formation of fibrin clots.

26
Q

How does platelet aggregation work?

A

Thrombus formation occurs due to activation of specific membrane receptors for various types of agonists.

27
Q

Name some aggregating agents.

A

Collagen // ADP // Epinephrine

28
Q

What are the 4 main steps of platelet aggregation?

A

QUIESCENCE
ACTIVATION
THROMBUS GROWTH
SELF REGULATION

29
Q

What is the clotting pathway?

A

Cascade of events which leads to haemostasis.

30
Q

What is the intrinsic pathway?

A

Activated by a trauma INSIDE the vascular system.

This is triggered by platelets / chemicals / collagen.

31
Q

What is the purpose of the intrinsic pathway?

A

Rapid healing and prevention of spontaneous bleeding.

32
Q

What is the purpose of the intrinsic pathway?

A

Rapid healing and prevention of spontaneous bleeding.

33
Q

What is the converging point of the intrinsic and extrinsic pathway?

A

Common pathway.

34
Q

What is primary haemostasis?

A

Initiating and forming a platelet plug.

35
Q

What is secondary haemostasis?

A

Using the 2 pathways in order to allow the clot forming procedure.

36
Q

What does the common pathway do?

A

Activates fibrinogen into fibrin.

37
Q

What is the purpose of zymogens?

A

It is an inactive substance which is converted into an enzyme when activated by another enzyme.

38
Q

What factors does the intrinsic pathway contain?

A

1 // 2 // 9 // 10 // 11 // 12

39
Q

What factors does the extrinsic pathway contain?

A

1 // 2 // 7 // 10

40
Q

Which clotting factor is the stable factor?

A

Clotting factor 7

41
Q

What is a stable factor?

A

A coagulation factor formed in the kidney under the influence of vitamin K.

42
Q

Give a summary of what the clothing factors involve.

A

Prothrombin to Thrombin
Thrombin to Fibrinogen
Fibrinogen to Fibrin clot = CREATES A STABLE MULTIMETRIC , CROSS - LINKED COMPLEX.

43
Q

What is fibrinolysis?

A

This is when a fibrin clot is broken down.

44
Q

What is plasmin?

A

This is an enzyme which cuts fibrin mesh into circulating fragments.

45
Q

How are these circulating fragments created by plasmin cleared?

A

These circulating fragments are broken down by the liver or the kidney.

46
Q

How does thrombin act as a negative feedback?

A

Activates plasminogen to plasmin and thus, stimulates the production of antithrombin.

Fundamentals of Science I (45 decks)

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