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Fundamentals of Science I > Cell Membranes II > Flashcards

Cell Membranes II Flashcards

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1
Q

What does membrane functions rely on?

A

Depends on the structure.

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2
Q

What are the functions of the membrane?

JETRAT

A 
J unctions 
E nzymes
T ransport
R ecognition 
A nchorage
Transduction
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3
Q

What does the cell membrane regulate?

A

Regulates the concentration of substances inside the cell.

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4
Q

What molecules can move through the lipid bilayer?

A

Small and non - polar material.

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5
Q

What are the two types of transport?

A

Active and Passive.

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6
Q

Which solute carriers are used in active transport?

A

Uniport.
Antiport.
Symport.

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7
Q

Which solute carriers are used in passive transport?

A

Uniport.

Simple Diffusion.

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8
Q

Which two process are the reactive transport types that DO NOT involve membrane carriers?

A

Exocytosis.

Endocytosis.

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9
Q

What is the definition of the concentration gradient?

A

Difference in concentration of a substance on two sides of a membrane.

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10
Q

What are the main 3 types of passive transport?

A

Simple Diffusion
Osmosis
Facilitated Diffusion. (2 types)

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11
Q

What are the 2 types of facilitated diffusion?

A

Channel Proteins

Carrier Proteins

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12
Q

What is the difference between carrier mediated facilitated diffusion and simple diffusion?

A

Amount of solute that can be transported is HIGHER than the amount that can be transported without carrier simple diffusion.

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13
Q

What is the definition of simple diffusion?

A

Movement of particles from HIGHER to LOWER concentration.

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14
Q

What aids the diffusion of particles within the body?

A

Internal body temperature.

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15
Q

Name some lipid soluble substances.

A

O2 / N2 / CO2 / Vit A / Vita D / Vit E

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16
Q

What substance is of a higher concentration INSIDE the cell?

A

Carbon Dioxide

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17
Q

What substance is of a higher concentration OUTSIDE the cell?

A

Oxygen

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18
Q

What is the definition of osmosis?

A

Diffusion of water via a SEMI PERMEABLE membrane down the concentration gradient.

19
Q

What is an aquaporin and what is the purpose of it?

A

It’s a protein and allows water to pass through.

20
Q

Why can’t water pass through and instead needs to be transported via proteins?

A

Water is highly INSOLUBLE and therefore, selective permeability has to occur in order for water to pass through.

21
Q

What the 3 solution types?

A

Hypotonic Solution
Isotonic Solution
Hypertonic Solution

22
Q

What is a Hypotonic Solution?

A

Concentration of the solute is LOWER OUTSIDE than inside the cell.
Water moves INSIDE.
= Lysis occurs.

23
Q

What happens when water moves into the cell?

A

LYSIS occurs.

This is when the cell loses its shape and then, bursts.

24
Q

What is a Hypertonic Solution?

A

Concentration of the solute is HIGHER INSIDE than outside the cell.
Water moves OUTSIDE.
= Crenation occurs.

25
Q

What happens when water moves out of the cell?

A

CRENATION occurs.

This is when the cell loses its shape alongside its functions.

26
Q

What is an Isotonic Solution?

A

Balanced environment therefore, the cell can maintain its shape.

27
Q

What is facilitated diffusion?

A

Movement of substances through the membrane with the help of channel / carrier proteins.

28
Q

Which type of protein is less selective?

A

Channel proteins are LESS SELECTIVE than carrier proteins.

29
Q

What are channel proteins selective for transport of?

A

One or more specific ions / molecules.

30
Q

What is an example of facilitated diffusion : carrier mediated?

A

Glucose Transport.

31
Q

What are the key points regarding ‘Glucose Transport’?

A

Conformational changes to the protein structure = Transport of glucose.
Has bidirectional transport = Can move glucose in and out.

32
Q

How is the gradient maintained for glucose transport?

A

Maintained by phosphorylation.

33
Q

How can glucose uptake be increased?

A

Increase the number of the transporters.

34
Q

What is active transport?

A

Substances which move AGAINST the concentration gradient via protein channels.
ENERGY NEEDED

35
Q

What is primary active transport?

A

Energy is derived from breakdown of ATP.

36
Q

What is an example of primary active transport?

A

Sodium - Potassium Pump

37
Q

Explain the procedure of a sodium - potassium pump.

A
  1. Three binding sites for sodium ions on the portion of the protein that protrudes to the inside of the cell.
  2. Two binding sites for potassium ions on the outside.
  3. The inside portion of this protein near the sodium binding sites has adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activity.
38
Q

What is secondary active transport?

A

Energy derived secondarily from energy that has been stored in the form of ionic concentration differences or ionic substances between the two sides of a cell membrane, created originally by primary active transport.

39
Q

How does passive transport work in cellular sheets?

A

Passive transport through the membrane on the opposite side of the cell.

40
Q

How does active transport work in cellular sheets?

A

Active transport through the cell membrane on one side.

41
Q

How does endocytosis work?

A

External material is enveloped by cell membrane forming an intracellular vesicle.

42
Q

What is the aim of active transport?

A

To bring material into the cell that will be broken down or digested.

43
Q

What are the three types of endocytosis?

A

Pinocytosis / Phagocytosis / Receptor - Mediated Endocytsosis.

44
Q

What is autophagy?

A

Recycling organelles.

Fundamentals of Science I (45 decks)

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