Pathophysiology of Inflammation I Flashcards

1
Q

What does physiology mean?

A

Science of the function of living things.

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2
Q

What does pathophysiology mean?

A

Study of the disordered physiological processes that cause // result from // otherwise associated with a disease or injury.

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3
Q

What does pathology mean?

A

Scientific study of disease itself.

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4
Q

What does disease mean?

A

A condition where the presence of an abnormality is sufficient to cause a LOSS of normal health.

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5
Q

What does suppuration mean?

A

There is TOO MUCH inflammation = Leads to suppuration which is a process by which pus forms.

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6
Q

Name some causes of acute inflammation.

A
Microbial Infection 
Allergy 
Physical Agents 
Chemicals 
Tissue Necrosis
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7
Q

What kind of process is inflammation described to be?

A

Physiological Process.

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8
Q

What is the inflammation of the pericardium known as?

A

Ischaemia Pericarditis

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9
Q

What are the 5 words used to describe inflammation?

A
Rubor = Redness 
Calor = Heat
Tumor = Swelling
Dolor = Pain 
Loss of Function
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10
Q

What is cystitis?

A

Inflammation of the bladder = Due to an UTI.

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11
Q

What is a surveillance mechanism for inflammation?

A

Pattern recognition receptors on sentinel cells.

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12
Q

What does surveillance mechanisms respond to?

A

Respond to pathogen - associated molecular patterns.

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13
Q

What are inflammatory mediators?

A

These are messengers which acts on blood vessels and cells in order to promote an inflammatory response.

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14
Q

What do NSAIDS do?

A

Block COX enzymes.

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15
Q

What are local hormones?

A

Chemical messengers which convey information from one cell to another.
Operates in the immediate environment.

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16
Q

Name some examples of inflammatory mediators.

A
  • Simple Compounds (Amines)
  • Elcosanoids (generated from fatty acid precursors)
  • Peptides // Proteins
17
Q

Name some examples of simple compounds (amines).

A

Histamine

Serotonin

18
Q

Name some examples of elcosanoids.

A

Prostanoids
Leukotrienes
Lipoxins
Resolvins

19
Q

Name some examples of peptides and proteins.

A

Cytokines

Bradykinin

20
Q

Name the sub categories of cytokines.

A

Interleukins
Interferons
Chemokines
Colony Stimulating Factor

21
Q

What is the purpose of interleukins?

A

Signal between WBC and many other functions.

22
Q

What is the purpose of interferons?

A

Group of signalling proteins which interfere with viral replication.

23
Q

What is the purpose of chemokines?

A

Controls the migration of WBC.

24
Q

What are colony stimulating factors?

A

Stimulate the formation of maturing colonies of WBC.

25
What is the TNF?
Tumour Necrosis Factor | = Signalling protein which binds to transmembrane receptors and TRIGGERS activation of inflammation pathway.
26
What are the 2 transmembrane receptors?
TNFR1 | TNFR2
27
What is the fluid exudate?
Fluid which filters from the circulatory system into lesions // areas of inflammation. Can be plus - like // clear fluid.
28
What is the cellular exudate?
Fluid rich in protein which oozes out of the blood due to inflammation. DEPOSITED IN TISSUES.
29
What is the vascular response for inflammation?
Vasodilation // Increase blood flow. | Increased vascular leakiness.
30
What are the 4 main cascades?
Coagulation Fibrinolytic Kinin Complement
31
What does the Coagulation Cascade do?
Seals the bleeding.
32
What does the Fibrinolytic Cascade do?
Does not allow TOO MUCH clotting to occur.
33
What does the Kinin Cascade do?
Opens the vessels. Increases the vascular permeability and mobilises pain. Mobilises pain = Vasodilator.
34
What is the purpose of Nitric Oxide?
Vasodilators the blood vessel and thus, amplifies the immune response.
35
What is the purpose of the Complement Cascade?
A follow - up activation = Response amplifies and thus spreads. Opsonisation occurs.
36
What is the purpose of lysosomes?
Digests intracellular components and thus, fuses with phagosomes in order to break down phagocytose material.
37
What is the RICE pneumonic?
Rest Ice Compression Elevation