Pathophysiology of Inflammation I

Question 1

What does physiology mean?

Answer 1

Science of the function of living things.

Question 2

What does pathophysiology mean?

Answer 2

Study of the disordered physiological processes that cause // result from // otherwise associated with a disease or injury.

Question 3

What does pathology mean?

Answer 3

Scientific study of disease itself.

Question 4

What does disease mean?

Answer 4

A condition where the presence of an abnormality is sufficient to cause a LOSS of normal health.

Question 5

What does suppuration mean?

Answer 5

There is TOO MUCH inflammation = Leads to suppuration which is a process by which pus forms.

Question 6

Name some causes of acute inflammation.

Answer 6

Microbial Infection 
Allergy 
Physical Agents 
Chemicals 
Tissue Necrosis

Question 7

What kind of process is inflammation described to be?

Answer 7

Physiological Process.

Question 8

What is the inflammation of the pericardium known as?

Answer 8

Ischaemia Pericarditis

Question 9

What are the 5 words used to describe inflammation?

Answer 9

Rubor = Redness 
Calor = Heat
Tumor = Swelling
Dolor = Pain 
Loss of Function

Question 10

What is cystitis?

Answer 10

Inflammation of the bladder = Due to an UTI.

Question 11

What is a surveillance mechanism for inflammation?

Answer 11

Pattern recognition receptors on sentinel cells.

Question 12

What does surveillance mechanisms respond to?

Answer 12

Respond to pathogen - associated molecular patterns.

Question 13

What are inflammatory mediators?

Answer 13

These are messengers which acts on blood vessels and cells in order to promote an inflammatory response.

Question 14

What do NSAIDS do?

Answer 14

Block COX enzymes.

Question 15

What are local hormones?

Answer 15

Chemical messengers which convey information from one cell to another.
Operates in the immediate environment.

Question 16

Name some examples of inflammatory mediators.

Answer 16

• Simple Compounds (Amines)
• Elcosanoids (generated from fatty acid precursors)
• Peptides // Proteins

Question 17

Name some examples of simple compounds (amines).

Answer 17

Histamine

Serotonin

Question 18

Name some examples of elcosanoids.

Answer 18

Prostanoids
Leukotrienes
Lipoxins
Resolvins

Question 19

Name some examples of peptides and proteins.

Answer 19

Cytokines

Bradykinin

Question 20

Name the sub categories of cytokines.

Answer 20

Interleukins
Interferons
Chemokines
Colony Stimulating Factor

Question 21

What is the purpose of interleukins?

Answer 21

Signal between WBC and many other functions.

Question 22

What is the purpose of interferons?

Answer 22

Group of signalling proteins which interfere with viral replication.

Question 23

What is the purpose of chemokines?

Answer 23

Controls the migration of WBC.

Question 24

What are colony stimulating factors?

Answer 24

Stimulate the formation of maturing colonies of WBC.

Question 25

What is the TNF?

Answer 25

Tumour Necrosis Factor | = Signalling protein which binds to transmembrane receptors and TRIGGERS activation of inflammation pathway.

Question 26

What are the 2 transmembrane receptors?

Answer 26

TNFR1 | TNFR2

Question 27

What is the fluid exudate?

Answer 27

Fluid which filters from the circulatory system into lesions // areas of inflammation. Can be plus - like // clear fluid.

Question 28

What is the cellular exudate?

Answer 28

Fluid rich in protein which oozes out of the blood due to inflammation. DEPOSITED IN TISSUES.

Question 29

What is the vascular response for inflammation?

Answer 29

Vasodilation // Increase blood flow. | Increased vascular leakiness.

Question 30

What are the 4 main cascades?

Answer 30

Coagulation Fibrinolytic Kinin Complement

Question 31

What does the Coagulation Cascade do?

Answer 31

Seals the bleeding.

Question 32

What does the Fibrinolytic Cascade do?

Answer 32

Does not allow TOO MUCH clotting to occur.

Question 33

What does the Kinin Cascade do?

Answer 33

Opens the vessels. Increases the vascular permeability and mobilises pain. Mobilises pain = Vasodilator.

Question 34

What is the purpose of Nitric Oxide?

Answer 34

Vasodilators the blood vessel and thus, amplifies the immune response.

Question 35

What is the purpose of the Complement Cascade?

Answer 35

A follow - up activation = Response amplifies and thus spreads. Opsonisation occurs.

Question 36

What is the purpose of lysosomes?

Answer 36

Digests intracellular components and thus, fuses with phagosomes in order to break down phagocytose material.

Question 37

What is the RICE pneumonic?

Answer 37

Rest Ice Compression Elevation