Principles of Infection II

Question 1

What is the innate immune system?

Answer 1

This is a non - specific defence system which can act quickly : within minutes and hours.
This is something which is present from birth.

Question 2

What are anatomical barriers?

Answer 2

These are tough / intact barriers which prevent entry and colonisation of MANY microbes.

Question 3

Name some examples of anatomical barriers.

Answer 3

Skin / Mucous Membranes / Bony encasements.

Question 4

What are antimicrobial peptides?

Answer 4

These are very small and can kill the bacteria DIRECTLY.

Question 5

What is the first line of defence by ALL multicellular organisms?

Answer 5

Antimicrobial Peptides.

Question 6

What are some examples of antimicrobial peptides?

Answer 6

Cationic Peptides : Polyymyxin B

Noncationic Peptides : Glycopeptide Vancomycin.

Question 7

What are cationic peptides?

Answer 7

These are short peptides secreted by immune // epithelial cells.

Question 8

What are the main white blood cells?

Answer 8

Neutrophils / Basophils / Eosinophils.

Monocytes / Lymphocytes.

Question 9

What is the mechanism of the innate immunity system?

Answer 9

Skin / Chemicals in the blood / Immune System Cells which attack FOREIGN CELLS in the body.

Question 10

What is the adaptive immune system?

Answer 10

These are highly specialised systems which take A LONGER time to produce antigen’s within the body.

Question 11

What cells does the cell - mediated response involve?

Answer 11

T - Cells.

Question 12

What cells does the humeral response involve?

Answer 12

B - Cells / Antibodies.

Question 13

What are the two responses are antibodies involved in?

Answer 13

Primary Response

Secondary Response

Question 14

What does the primary response involve?

Answer 14

Memory cells are LOW in levels.

Much slower response.

Question 15

What does the secondary response involve?

Answer 15

Memory cells are HIGH in levels.

Much faster response.

Question 16

What is created during the primary / secondary response?

Answer 16

Memory cells.

Question 17

What is the purpose of memory cells?

Answer 17

These remember the specific antigen protein and thus, a quicker immune response is generated.

Question 18

What is human microbiota?

Answer 18

These are ALL the microorganisms living in and on a human body.

Question 19

Name some examples of human microbiota.

Answer 19

Bacteria
Archaea
Protists
Fungi 
Viruses

Question 20

What is microbiome?

Answer 20

This is the genetic material of ALL microbes.

Question 21

What are the human microbiomes broken down into?

Answer 21

Oral / Skin / Urigenital / Digestive Tract microbiome.

Question 22

How do we live peacefully with all these micro - organisms without becoming unwell?

Answer 22

Mutual Symbiosis

Question 23

What is mutual symbiosis?

Answer 23

Long term between biological interaction 2 different biological organisms.

Question 24

What are the three mechanisms that antibodies undergo?

Answer 24

Neutralization.
Complement Recruitment.
Opsonization.

Question 25

Explain neutralisation in greater detail.

Answer 25

This is when the antibodies bind to and inactivate viruses and toxins.

Question 26

Explain complement recruitment in greater detail.

Answer 26

This is when antigen - antibody complexes are activated and thus, the immune system responds to the bacteria.

Question 27

Explain opsonization in greater detail.

Answer 27

This is when the phagocytic cells attach onto the antibodies and thus, phagocytosis occurs.