Gene Expression Flashcards

1
Q

What is ‘Gene Expression’?

A

This is the range of mechanisms used by the cells in order to INCREASE / DECREASE production of specific gene products.

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2
Q

What are the 4 types of cell types?

A
  • Epithelial
  • Connective
  • Muscle
  • Nervous
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3
Q

What is the purpose of epithelial cells?

A

Cells are attached to one another = covers the interior of hollow organs.

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4
Q

What is the purpose of connective cells?

A

Provided structural strength to the body

Defends AGAINST foreign invaders like bacteria.

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5
Q

What is the purpose of muscle cells?

A

Specialised for contraction.

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6
Q

What are the 3 types of muscle cells?

A

Skeletal
Cardiac
Smooth

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7
Q

What is the purpose of nerve cells?

A

Specialised for communication.

These send signals from the brain to the muscles.

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8
Q

How many different types of cells are there in humans?

A

200 different cell types.

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9
Q

Why is variation essential in gene expression?

A

Helps to identify cellular mechanisms.

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10
Q

What is a loci?

A

A specific fixed position on a chromosome where a particular gene is located.

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11
Q

What is the human tissue proteome?

A

This is an ENTIRE set of proteins which is expressed by a genome.
There are over 20,000 proteins in the human proteome.

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12
Q

What are housekeeping genes?

A

These are crucial for the maintenance of BASIC cellular function.

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13
Q

What are some examples of housekeeping genes?

A

Actin
Ubiquitin
GAPDH
These are used for the maintenance and sustenance of a cell.

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14
Q

How many housekeeping genes are there?

A

7319

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15
Q

What are tissue elevated genes?

A

These genes are distinguished by gene expression = they are SPECIFIC in more than one tissue.

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16
Q

Where are tissue elevated genes mainly found?

A

69% is found in the duodenum = which is in the small intestine.

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17
Q

What is gene expression regulation?

A

This is the process by which the GENETC CODE of a gene is used to direct protein synthesis and produce structures of the cell.

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18
Q

What is the genetic code?

A

Nucleotide sequence.

19
Q

What is the purpose of gene expression regulation?

A

This is a wide range of mechanisms which are used in order to INCREASE // DECREASE production of specific gene products.

20
Q

What are structural genes?

A

These genes code for amino acid sequences.

21
Q

What are transcription factors?

A

These regulate the transcription of genes and bind to specific DNA sequences in order to regulate the expression of a given gene.

22
Q

What are the 2 types of transcription factors?

A

Activators

Repressors

23
Q

What is the purpose of activators as transcription factors?

A

These boost transcription

24
Q

What is the purpose of repressors as transcription factors?

A

These decrease transcription

25
What is the promoter?
This is where the RNA molecules attaches to the DNA of the gene.
26
What is the purpose of the promoter?
This allows the initiation of transcription of a particular gene.
27
Where is the promoter region located?
Located at the 5' end of the transcription site.
28
What is the sense strand?
Where DNA will be transcribed.
29
What is a TATA box?
This is a conserved promoter sequence.
30
Where is the TATA box found?
It is found on the 5' strand.
31
What is the purpose of the TATA box?
Transcription factors bind to the TATA box and thus initiates the formation of the RNA polymerase which in turn PROMOTES TRANSCRIPTION.
32
What is transcriptional regulation?
This is where the cell regulates conversion from DNA to RNA = known as GENE ACTIVITY.
33
What happens during transcriptional regulation?
Produces shortening of the DNA molecule and activation alongside repression.
34
During what process does transcriptional regulation occur?
Occurs in DNA looping.
35
What is an inducible gene?
This a gene whose expression is responsible to environment change and is dependent on the position in the cell cycle.
36
Why are oestrogen receptors important for inducible gene transcription?
It is important as it CONTROLS physiological functions ini reproductive organs = Plays a PIVOTAL role.
37
What category does oestrogen receptors fall into?
Ligand inducible transcription factor.
38
What is the COMMON form of gene control?
Regulatory Transcription Factors.
39
What happens with general transcription factors ?
Binds directly to special promoter region.
40
What do transcription factors normally do?
They interact with the CORE promoter region.
41
What is tamoxifen?
An antagonist. | This is an oestrogen blocker which is found in the opening of the cells = PREVENTS OESTROGEN CANCERS.
42
What is the purpose of tamoxifen?
They bind to the oestrogen receptor and can INCREASE oestrogen levels in women.
43
What is the purpose of early embryogenesis?
This is a cell cycle control and is what occurs in the (1st) 8 weeks of development after fertilisation.
44
Why is translational control important?
It is essential as it initiates functions.