trauma anes, burns Flashcards
T/F: avoid ventilation between administration of medication and intubation
True
Indication for endo tracheal intubation
CRAFTeDD Cardiac or respiratory arrest Respiratory insuff Airway protection Facilitation for diagnostic work up (uncoop, intoxicated) Transient hyperventilation (increase ICP) Deep sedation or analgesia Delivery of 100% O2 (CO poisoning)
T/f: administer particulate antacid prior to induction
False. Nonparticulate
Maneuver to be applied during airway management
Cricoid pressure or sellick maneuver
T/f: do mri of cervical spine if have neck pain or have cervical tenderness to palpations
True
High risk factors mandating c-spine radiography
> 65y/o
Dangerous mechanism
Paresthesia on extremities
Low risk factors allowing neck range of motion
Simple rear-end MVA
No immediate neck pain
No midline c-spine tenderness
Ability to sit or ambulate in ER
Unable to rotate neck (how many degrees) left and right for c-spine radiography
45 degrees
T/f: direct laryngoscopy cause cervical motion and the potential to exacerbate sc injury
True
Uncleared cervical spine mandates..
In-line stabilization (no traction)
T or F: the front of cervical collar cannot be removed for greater mouth opening and jaw displacement
False. Can be removed.
Minutes of hypoxia before permanent brain injury and death
5-10 min hypoxia
Airway/breathing, which is the most immediate threat to life?
Hypoxia
Protection of cervical spine.
T or F: Emergency awake fiber optic intubation requires less manipulation of the neck
True
Emergency awake fiber optic intubation is generally difficult becoz…
Hemorrhage
Airway secretions
Rapid desaturation
Lack of PTS coop
Propofol/ etomidate/ ketamine/ midazolam/ scopolamine/ ms relaxant alone:
Vasodilator
(-) inotropic effect
Propofol
Propofol/ etomidate/ ketamine/ midazolam/ scopolamine/ ms relaxant alone:
Potentiate hypotension or cardiac arrest
Propofol
Propofol/ etomidate/ ketamine/ midazolam/ scopolamine/ ms relaxant alone:
Increased cvs stability
Etomidate
Propofol/ etomidate/ ketamine/ midazolam/ scopolamine/ ms relaxant alone:
Direct myocardial depressant
Ketamine
Propofol/ etomidate/ ketamine/ midazolam/ scopolamine/ ms relaxant alone:
Catecholamine release
Ketamine
Propofol/ etomidate/ ketamine/ midazolam/ scopolamine/ ms relaxant alone:
Hypertension or tachycardia
Ketamine
Propofol/ etomidate/ ketamine/ midazolam/ scopolamine/ ms relaxant alone:
Reduced awareness
Midazolam
Propofol/ etomidate/ ketamine/ midazolam/ scopolamine/ ms relaxant alone:
Hypotension
Propofol
Midazolam
Propofol/ etomidate/ ketamine/ midazolam/ scopolamine/ ms relaxant alone:
Inhibits memory formation
Scopolamine
Propofol/ etomidate/ ketamine/ midazolam/ scopolamine/ ms relaxant alone:
Recall of intubation / recall of emergency procedures
Ms relaxant alone
Neuromuscular blocking drug
Succinylcholine
Onset of action of succinylcholine
Fastest onset
<1 min
Duration of succinylcholine
Shortest duration
5-10min
What are increased in succinylcholine?
Increase potassium level (0.5-1mEq/L) (5mEq/L after 24hr)
Increased IOP
Increased ICP
Consequence of hemorrhage
Shock
T or F: cancel airway management when difficulty arise
False. It is not an option.
When difficult arise in intubation, do…
Awake intubation
Of unsuccessful ventilation after gen anes
Standard: awake is always an option
Trauma: seldom an option
If surgical airway decision
Standard: only if awake intubation failed/ failed ventilation
Trauma: first and best choice
If management of recognized diff airway
Standard: awake ventilation
Trauma: only if uncoop, stable and spont. ventilating
If failed awake ventilation
Standard: cancel is an option
Trauma: requires gen anes with or without spont. ventilation
T or F: due to urgency, there is NO time for pharma to decrease gastric volume and acidity
True
MRI of cspine can not be done in (hours)
First 24 hrs
MRI Cspine contraindication
Metallic skeletal fixators
T or F: airway maneuver can cause Cspine movement
True
T or F: pressure in tongue during airway manipulation affects Cspine.
True. Indirectly
Standard care for Cspine injury
MILS, manual in-line immobilization
Consist of primary cellular injury due to hypoperfusion and the secondary inflammation response that follows.
Shock
Deaths in trauma is due to
Shock -50%
Hemorrhage -40%
MOSF -10%
Patho physio of lost airway/ pulmonary injury on shock
O2 does not reach circulation
Patho physio of tension pneumothorax
Decrease blood return to heart
Patho physio of cardiac tamponade
Decrease blood return to the heart
Patho physio of hemorrhage
Decrease O2 carrying capacity
Decrease intravascular vol
Patho physio of cardiac injury
Decrease pump action
Patho physio of spinal cord injury
Decrease pump action
Decrease vasodilation
Patho physio of poisoning
Decrease vasodilation
Direct failure of cellular
Patho physio of sepsis
Decrease vasodilation
Direct failure of cellular
Cns response to ischemia
Mod: anxiety
Severe: coma
Cvs response to ischemia
Mod: vasoC, increase CO
Severe: vasoD, MI, dysthymia
Pulmonary response to ischemia
Mod: increase RR
Severe: V/Q mismatch, ARDS
Renal response to ischemia
Mod: hybernation
Severe: ATN
GI response to ischemia
Mod: ileus
Severe: infarct, loss of barrier function
Hepatic response to ischemia
Mod: increase glucose release
Severe: no reflow, re perfusion injury
Hematologic response to ischemia
Mod: none
Severe: decrease cell production, impaired immune function
It begins as soon as Shock is identified
Fluid resuscitation
T or F: resu and primary therapy overlaps
True
Risk of aggressive fluid resuscitation
BBHC GEDP Increase bp Decrease blood viscosity Decrease hct Decrease clothing factors Greater transfusion reqr Electrolyte imbalance Direct immune suppression Premature reperfusion "pop the clot"
Fluid resu goal of maintaining Lower than normal Bp (___mnHg) until definitive control of hemorrhage
90mmhg
Responder/ transient responder/ non responder and implication
Increased and sustained improvement of bp
Responder-
Not actively bleeding, unlikely to require transfusion
Responder/ transient responder/ non responder and implication
Increased bp Ff by recurrent hypotension
Transient responder-
Actively bleeding, consider early transfusion
Responder/ transient responder/ non responder and implication
No improvement
Non-responder-
Must R/o other causes, active bleeding
Fluid which causes dilution of blood composition
0.9% Saline
LR
Plasmalyte
Starch
Fluid which cause rapid volume expansion
Starch Hypertonic saline RBC Plasma FWB
Fluid which is cheap and compatible with blood
0.9 saline
Fluid which cause hyperchloremic metab acidosis
0.9 saline
Fluid in which Ca clots the blood
LR
Fluid with physiologic electrolyte mix
Plasmalyte
Fluid which cause coagulopqthy with 1st generation
Starch
Fluid which cause rapid increase of bp
Hypertonic saline
Fluid which cause increase O2 delivery
RBC
Fluid which have clotting factors
Plasma
Fluid which have O2, clotting factors and is ideal but Unavailable
FWB
Fluid which are expensive, limited resource, requires cross matching, viral transmission, TRALI
RBC
Plasma
Vicious cycle of rapid crystalloids infusion in pts with Active hemorrhage
Vigorous fluid resu
Hemodilution, increased bleeding
Recurrent hypotension
In deep shock, one can use ____ to rapidly restore coagulation
Bicarbonate
Cryoprecipitate
FActore VIIa
1 blood loss vol in 24hr is equivalent to
10units of whole blood
Indications for massive transfusion
4 units in 1hr 50 units in 48hrs 20 units in 24hrs 50% blood loss in 3hrs >150ml/min blood loss
Bloody vicious cycle or lethal triad
Acidosis Hypothermia Coagulopathy (due to large vol of crystalloids, colloid, PRBC without hemo static component)
Warm all IV fluids and blood to avoid hypothermia. Room temp?
> 28C
Humidify inspired gas
For decreased ionized calcium, how many CaCl to give?
Calcium chloride 20mg/kg
Resu end points within 1st 24hr after trauma:
Mixed venous oxygen tension
> 35mmHg
Resu end points within 1st 24hr after trauma:
Mixed venous oxygen saturation (CVP, PA)
> 65mmHg
Resu end points within 1st 24hr after trauma:
Base deficit
<3mmol/L
Resu end points within 1st 24hr after trauma:
Lactate
<2.5mmol/L
Pulse oximetry information
O2 sat
HR
Plethysmographic tracing of pulse
Tissue perfusion
Interferes with reading in pulse oximetry
IV dyes Movement Dark fingernails Highly pigmented skin COHgb metHgb
High sat but truly with low oxyhemoglobin
Poisoning/inhalational injury
Trauma pts suffers from low perfusion state thus oximetry reading not reliable. Which is a more sensitive measure?
ABG
Efficacy of ventilation or ute elimination of CO2 can be assessed by both PETCO2 values and Capnogran analysis
End tidal CO2 analysis
High CO2
Increased production
Hyperthermia/malignant hyperthermia
Cancer
Burn
Sepsis
High CO2
Decreased elimination
Asthma
COPD
Inadequate ventilation (drugs, fatigue, sweating)
Low CO2
Increased elimination
Hyperventilation
Anxiety/vent strategy
Low CO2
Decreased production
Coma
Hypothermia
Anesthesia
Paralysis
Ventilator setting (low pressure/high pressure alarms): Machine leak or disconnection of breathing circuit
Low pressure alarm
Ventilator setting (low pressure/high pressure alarms): Due to patient condition such ass reduced lung compliance, secretions in ET tubes, dyssynchronous ventilation
High pressure alarms
Pulse electrical activity 5H
Hypovolemia Hypothermia Hyper/hypokalemia H ion acidosis Hypoxemia
Pulseless electrical activity 5T
Tension pneumothorax Tamponade Thrombosis (pulmonary embolism) Thrombosis (coronary artery embolus) Tablets (drug overdose)
CVP level
8-12mmHg
T or F: CVP has no predictable relationship between pressure and volume preload indices and cardiac performance variables
True
T or F: CVP is used as guide to fluid therapy
True
PA catheter information
CO
CVP
PAP
PAWP
Urine production
0.5ml/kg/hr
Surrogate measure of organ perfusion
Urine output
Indicator of hemolysis, sk ms destruction and UT integrity
Urine output
T or f: urine output reliability is increased in prolonged shock prior to surgery and use of osmotic dieresis
False. Decreased reliability
Accurate site for temp
Distal esophagus
Tympanic mem
PA catheter sensor
Nasopharynx
Intermediate accurate site of temp
Bladder
Rectum
Mouth
Axilla
Inaccurate site of temp
Skin
Conseq of patient expo
Coagulation disturbance Arrhythmias Inappro diuresis Delay in metab of drugs Risk of infection
T or F: avoid anesthetics and ms relaxants before securing the airway
True
Hemorrhagic shock (increase/decrease) the MAC by approx __
Decrease Mac by 25%
T or f: anesthetic drugs are direct CV depressant and inhibit compensatory hemodynamics mechanism
True
Expulsion of eye contents and loss of vision
LEt BuCKS Laryngoscopy ET intubation Bucking Coughing Ketamine Succinylcholine
T or F: aspiration of stomach contents may cause lung injury and pneumonia
True
Induction agents
Thiopental
Propofol
Midazolam
Crystalloids/colloid: what to give during early phase of burn
Crystalloids
Crystalloids/colloid: what to give 24hrs after burn injury
Colloid
When to avoid succinylcholine in burn injury
If >24hrs and for at least 18mos after injury
Burn injury, rapid sequence induction of ____ if >24hrs after burn injury
Rocuronium
IV anesthetics in early phase burn injury
Decrease dose requirements
IV anesthetics in during hyper dynamic phase burn injury
Increase dose reqr
Consider multimodal therapy (opioid, Propofol, ketamine, benzodiazepines)
Inhalation agents in early phase burn injury
Decrease MAC during early phase
Inhalation Agnets in during hyper dynamic phase burn injury
Increase MAC
T or F: beta blocker attenuated hyperdynamic phase of burn injury
True
Succinylcholine increase K if __%TBSA
10%
Causes of persistent hypotension
Bleeding
Tension pneumothorax
Neurogenic shock
Cardiac injury
LR/NS in persistent hypotension
LR
LR cause no acidosis but tissue edema due to..
Hypotonicity
The higher the molar substitution, the ___ retention, the ___ chance of coagulopqthy
The higher the molar substitution, the higher retention, the higher chance of coagulopqthy
Causes of hypothermia
SAAFE Shock Alcohol intoxication Abnormal Thermoregulatory mech Fluid resu Expo to cold
Coagulation abnormalities causes
DATHH Dilution of coag factors Acidosis Tissue hypoperfusion Hypoxia Hypothermia
Indication for FFP
> 10 units PRBC within 6hrs
1.5x the normal PTT and PT
Reversal of coag in pts in Vit.K antagonist
Platelet indication
<50 x 10^9/L
Higher in pts with DIC, hyperfibrinolysis, head injury and massive bleeding
One unit of whole blood contains platelet concentrates of
7.5 x 10^10/L
Fibrinogen indications
<1.5g/L
Replace fibrinogen conc and cryoprecipitate
3-4g fibrinogen
50mg/kg cryoprecipitate
Antifibrinolytic agents and dose
Tranexamic acid - 10-15mg/kg then 1-5mg/kg/hr
Aminocaproic acid - 100-150mg/kg then 15mg/kg/hr
T or F: anti fibrinolytic agents are effective in cardiac and elective surgery
True
Why is antifibrinolytic agents not included in massive transfusion protocol?
Be do it contains all endogenous antifibrinolytic elements
Conditions to justify the use of factor 7a
Controlled bleeding
Corrected severe acidosis, hypothermia and hypocalcemia
Using antifibrinolytic agents
Caution for the use of factor 7a
Arterial and venous TE
Dose for factor 7a
100-140 mg/kg repeat after 1-3hrs later
Electrolyte and acid base disturbance
Hyperkalemia
Metab acidosis
Early post-op considerations
Acute renal failure
Abdominal compartment syndrome
TE
Creatinine and free water clearance on ARF
Creatinine <25ml/min
Free water >15ml/hr
Myoglobinuria/hemoglobinuria: clear supernatant (crush syndrome)
Myoglobinuria
Myoglobinuria/hemoglobinuria: rose color
Hemoglobinuria
Management for ARF
Fluids only.
DONT Give mannitol and HCO3
Intra abdominal hypertension with organ dysfunction
Abdominal compartment syndrome
Most important factor in abdominal compartment syndrome
Limit crystalloids infusion
Management for TE
PPV FiO2 of 1 Intubation Fluids and inotropes Arterial CVP monitoring TEE
TE prophylaxis
Compressin devices
LMW heparin
Vena cava filter
Thrombolytic agents
Superficial burn
First degree burn
Partial thickness burn
Second degree burn (superficial and deep dermal burn)
Full thickness burn
Third and fourth degree burn
Erythema of skin
Microscopic destruction of superficial layers of epidermis
Heals spontaneously
First degree burn
Burn from epidermis to upper Dermis
Heals spontaneously
Superficial derma burn
Burn from epidermis to deep Dermis
Requires excision and grafting
Deep dermal burn
Burn of epidermis and dermis
Excision and grafting with limitation of function and scar formation
Third degree burn
Burn of ms, fascia and bone
Complete excision with limited function
4th degree burn
Full thickness burn TBSA
> 10% TBSA
Partial thickness TBSA
> 25% TBSA in adults
20% TBSA in extremes of age
Surface area of head and neck in children is larger than 9%, and that of lower extremities are smaller, thus can’t use rules of 9, instead use…
Lund and Browder chart
-takes into aact the changing prop of body from infancy to adulthood
CO increase/decrease immediately after burn injury due to …
Decrease CO due to circulating myocardial depressant factors
CO increase/decrease after 24hrs resu due to …
Increase CO due to hypemetabolic state (tachycardia, hypertension)
Patho physio changes in burn injury in upper airway
Glottis and preglottic edema = obstruction
Patho physio changes in burn injury in lower airway
Decrease surfactant and mucociliary func
Mucosal necrosis and ulceration
Edema
Leads to obs, air trapping, broncho spasm, ARDS, PE
Patho physio changes in burn injury in GI
Adynamia ileus (>20%tbsa) Curlings ulcer (stomach and duo)
Life threatening complication of burn injury in GI
Curlings ulcer
Patho physio changes in burn injury in renal
Decrease RBF and GFR = RAAS activation and ADH release = Na and water retention = exag K, Ca, Mg losses
T or F: Renal changes in burn injury improves with adequate resu
True
Patho physio changes in burn injury in endocrine
ADH, renin, aldosterone, angiotensin, glucagon and catecholamine release = inc serum glucose
Patho physio changes in burn injury in metab and thermoreg
Increase metab rate
Increase skin and core temp
Ineffective water vapor barrier = loss of ion-free water
Leading cause of hypoxia in burn injury
Carbon monoxide poisoning.
Produced by incomplete combustion of C-containing cmpds (wood, coal, gasoline)
Carbon monoxide
Carbon monoxide is ___x greater affinity for ____
200x greater affinity to Hgb than O2
Carbon monoxide (competitive/noncompetitive; irrev/rev) reaction
Competitive reversible reaction
T or F: fluid resu is essential in the early burn injury period
True
Parkland formula
4ml/kg/% TBSA
1st 8hrs - 1/2
Nxt 8hrs - 1/4
Nxt 8hrs - 1/4
What to give in 1st 24 hr in burn injury
LR
Parkland formula
What to give in second 24hr in burn injury
Glucose in water (replace water loss and maintain Na level) Colloid soln (albumin)
Dose of colloid soln with TBSA 30-50%
0.3ml/kg/%
Dose of colloid soln with TBSA 50-70%
0.4ml/kg/%
Dose of colloid soln with TBSA >70%
0.5ml/kg/%
What to give in children <20kg burn injury
Crystalloids (2-3ml/kg/%) same hr
Crystalloids with 5% dextrose (maintenance) for 24 hrs
1st 10kg = 100ml/kg
2nd 10kg = 50ml/kg
Fluid resu clinical ends
Uo 0.5-1ml/kg/hr
PR 80-140bpm
SBP 60mmHg infants; 70-90mmHg + (age x 2) children
Basale deficit <2
If difficult mask ventilation and intubation, consider
Awake intubation
Ms relaxant of choice in burn injury
Non depolarizing
Esp with minimal histamine release
T or F: burn patient have RELATIVE RESISTANCE To nondepolarizing relaxants
True
How many fold increase in dose requirement of ms relaxant in burn injury
3-fold
In pts with burns >30% TBSA, manifesting approx 10 day postinjury, peak is ____ and declines after ____
Peak -40d
Decline -60d
T or F: succinylcholine is contraindication in burn patients
True, 24hrs postinjury up to 2yrs
Reason behind an increase serum K in succinylcholine
Due to presence of extra junctional Ach receptors
T or F : avoid NSAID in burn injury
True