Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Med Prep > endocrine - general > Flashcards

endocrine - general Flashcards

0
Q

Organs which secrete subs in response to stimuli

A

Glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

Importance of endocrine system

A

Allows normal growth and development of organism
Maintains internal homeostasis
Regulated the onset of reproductive maturity at puberty and the func of the repro system in adults

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Type of glands which secretes salts, water, immunoglobulin and enzymes conveyed to a major lumen via a duct

A

Exocrine gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Type of gland that are ductless to which it secretes hormones directly into the circulation.

A

Endocrine gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Chemical msgr/signals secreted into the blood stream to act on distant tissues

A

Hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Hypothalamus develops from lateral wall of diencephalon thru ventral extension to a groove in about __wk of gestation

A

5 1/2 wks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Hypothalamus is a dorsal/ventral derivative of neural tube.

A

Ventral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Hypothalamus originates from

A

Embryonic basal plate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Hypothalamus is composed of gray/white matter

A

Gray mater

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Regions of hypothalamus

A

Chiasmatic (preoptic region)
Tuberal region
Mammillary region

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Nucleus of Chiasmatic region of hypothalamus

A

Suprachiasmatic
Supra optic
Paraventricular nucleus
Anterior nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Nucleus of Tuberal region of hypothalamus

A

Arcuate nucleus
Dorsomedial nucleus
Ventromedial nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Nucleus of Mammillary region of hypothalamus

A

Posterior nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Bld supply of hypothalamus

A 
Terminal branches of circle of Willis:
Internal carotid artery
Ant.cerebral artery
Post. Cerebral artery 
Ant. Comm. artery
Post. Comm. artery
Basilar artery
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Venous drainage of hypothalamus

A

Majority of hypothalamus - ant.cerebral and basal vein
Dorsal portion - internal cerebral vein

Both reaching the great vein of Galen (rosenthal)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

2 types of neuron in hypothalamus

A

Magnocellular (large) neuron

Parvicellular (small) neuron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Neuron of hypothalamus with arginine vasopressine and oxytocin

A

Magnocellular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Neuron of hypothalamus with neuro peptides and biogenic amines

A

Parvicellular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Hypothalamic nuclei that func as:
ADH: osmoregulatioh
Oxytocin: regulation of uterine contraction and milk ejection

A

Supraoptic nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Hypothalamic nuclei that func as:
Magnocellular PVN: ADH, oxytocin
Parvicellular PVN: TRH, CRH, VIP

A

Paraventricular nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Hypothalamic nuclei that func as:

Regulator of circadian rhythm and pineal function.

A

Suprachiasmatic nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Hypothalamic nuclei that func as:
Regulation of appetite
GNHR, GnRH, dopamine, somatostatin

A

Arcuate nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Hypothalamic nuclei that func as:

Somatostatin

A

Periventricular nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Hypothalamic nuclei that func as:
Satiety center
GHRH, somatostatin

A

Ventromedial nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Hypothalamic nuclei that func as: | Focal point of info processing
Dorsomedial nucleus
25
Hypothalamic nuclei that func as: Hunger center MCH, anorexins
Lateral hypothalamus
26
Hypothalamic nuclei that func as: | Few GnRH neurons
Preoptic nucleus
27
Hypothalamic nuclei that func as: Thermoregulation (cooling center) Regulation of thirst
Anterior hypothalamus
28
Hypothalamic nuclei that func as: | Thermoregulation (heating center)
Posterior hypothalamus
29
Seat of the soul
Pineal gland
30
Pineal gland secretes what hormone?
Melatonin
31
Pineal gland secretes melatonin in response to
Hypoglycemia and darkness
32
Pineal gland also contains other bio active peptides such as
TRH, GnRH, somatostatin, norepi
33
Weight of pituitary gland (hypophysis)
400-800 mg
34
In embryology of hypothalamus, the rathke's pouch may persist and becomes
Craniopharyngioma
35
In embryology of hypothalamus. Division where the cells on the side of the rathke's punch facing the infundibulum. Lost in adult.
Pars intermedia
36
In embryology of hypothalamus. Division where the cells facing away from infundibulum.
Pars digitalis
37
In embryology of hypothalamus. Division where the cells makes up almost all the adenohypophysis
Pars digitalis
38
In embryology of hypothalamus. Division which is composed of thin layer of cells which wrap around the infundibular stalk
Pars tuberalis
39
Age of gestation where rathke's pouch arise
5th wk
40
Neural down growth
Infundibulum
41
In embryology of hypothalamus. Division which is the lower expansion of infundibular process. And becomes the posterior pituitary.
Pars nervosa
42
Age of gestation where pars nervosa arise.
8th wk.
43
Infundibulum + pars tuberalis
Pituitary stalk
44
Funnel shaped swelling superior to the infundibulum
Median eminence
45
Component of pituitary gland composed mainly of epithelial cells with 5cell types excreting 6 hormones.
Anterior pituitary or adenohypophysis
46
Component of pituitary gland composed mainly of neural cells and the site of release of neuro hormones.
Posterior pituitary or neuro hypophysis
47
Blood supply of pituitary gland
Internal carotid arteries branches: Superior hypophysial arteries Middle and inf hypophysial arteries - supplies pituitary stalk and post pituitary
48
Site of release of ADH and oxytocin
Neurohypophysis
49
Cell bodies producing ADH and oxytocin located in what nucleus
Supra optic (SON) and paraventricular nucleus (PVN)
50
ADH are synthesized as preprohormones:
Preprovasophysin - co secreted peptide - neurophysin I | Preprooxyphyxin - cosecreted peptide - neurophysin II
51
Axonal swelling in neuro hypophysis due to storage of secretory granules.
Herring bodies
52
ADH and oxytocin are similar in structures but only differs in only 2 aa.
ADH - Phenylephrine (phe) | Oxytocin - isoleucine (ile)
53
4 cell types of adenohypophysis
Basophils: Gonadotropes FSH, LH Corticotropes ACTH Thyrotropes TSH Acidophils: Lactotropes Prolactin Somatotropes GH
54
Endocrine axis
``` Hypothalamus Releasing hormone Endocrine cell type Tropic hormone Peripheral endocrine gland (adrenal,thyroid, gonads, liver) Peripheral hormone Physiologic response ```
55
``` Primary hypothalamic regulator of: Corticotrope Thyrotrope Gonadotrope Somatorope Lactotrope ```
``` Primary hypothalamic regulator of: Corticotrope - corticotropin-RH Thyrotrope - thyrotropin-RH Gonadotrophs - Gonadotropin-RH Somatorope - Growth hormone-RH Lactotrope - dopamine and prolactin-RH ```
56
``` Tropic hormone secreted of: Corticotrope Thyrotrope Gonadotrope Somatorope Lactotrope ```
Tropic hormone secreted of: Corticotrope - adenocorticotropic hormone ACTH Thyrotrope - thyroid stimulating hormone TSH Gonadotrope - follicle-stimulating hormone FSH and leutinizing hormone LH Somatorope - GH Lactotrope - prolactin
57
``` Receptor of: Corticotrope Thyrotrope Gonadotrope Somatorope Lactotrope ```
``` Receptor of: Corticotrope - melanicortin-2 receptor MC2R Thyrotrope - TSH receptor Gonadotrope - FSH and LH receptor Somatorope - GH receptor Lactotrope - prolactin receptor ```
58
``` Target endocrine gland of: Corticotrope Thyrotrope Gonadotrope Somatorope Lactotrope ```
Target endocrine gland of: Corticotrope - zona fasciculata and reticularis of adrenal cortex Thyrotrope - thyroid epith Gonadotrope - ovary (theca&granulosa); testis (leydig&sertoli) Somatorope - liver Lactotrope - none (not part of endocrine axis)
59
``` Peripheral hormone involved in negative feedback of: Corticotrope Thyrotrope Gonadotrope Somatorope Lactotrope ```
Peripheral hormone involved in negative feedback of: Corticotrope - cortisol Thyrotrope - T3 Gonadotrope - estrogen, progesterone, testosterone, inhibin Somatorope - IGF-1 Lactotrope - none
60
Half life of ACTH
10 min
61
ACTH has a diurnal pattern
Peak - early morning | Valley - late afternoon
62
Secretion of ACTH is pulsatile
True
63
TSH is heterodimer. What subunit is common to TSH, FSH and LH
Alpha-Glycoprotein subunit
64
TRH has a diurnal pattern.
Peak - overnight | Valley - dinner time
65
TRH is inhibited by
Stress
66
GnRH is released in pulsatile secretion
True
67
ACTH is a ___ aa peptide
39 aa
68
GnRH is a ___ aa peptide
10aa
69
GH is a ___ aa peptide
191 aa
70
GH is under dual control by hypothalmus. It is stimulated and inhibited by..
Stimulation by GHRH | Inhibition by somatostatin
71
GHRH has a diurnal pattern
Peak - early morning | Valley - day
72
GH is stimulated during deep, slow-wave sleep (stages 3 and 4). Sleep wake patterns
Pulsatile secretion
73
Largest single organ specialized for hormone production
Thyroid gland
74
Weight of thyroid gland
15-25 gm
75
Which is larger? Right or left lobe of thyroid gland?
Right lobe. 2x larger
76
Which extends higher and lower in the neck? Right or left lobe of thyroid gland?
Right lobe
77
Isthmus crosses the trachea between rings"
Tracheal rings I and II
78
Bld supply of thyroid gland
Superior thyroid arteries Inferior thyroid arteries Thyroid ima arteries
79
Venous drainage of thyroid gland
Superior thyroid vein Middle thyroid vein Inferior thyroid vein
80
Cell pop in thyroid parenchyma
Follicular cells Parafollicular C cells Epithelial cells
81
Parafollicular cells are usually located where in the lobe?
Upper 2/3 of lobes
82
Cell in thyroid parenchyma where it could be the origin of subset of papillary thyroid Ca
Epithelial cells
83
Functional unit of thyroid gland
Follicular cells
84
Domain in follicular cell that faces the follicle lumen (colloid) with micro villi and pseudopods
Apical domain
85
Domain in follicular cell that faces extracellular matrix (blood) which contains (+) TSH and NIS
Basal domain
86
Two principal hormones of follicular cells
Thyroxine T4 | Triiodothyronine T3
87
Required for homeostasis of all cells Influence cell differentiation growth and metab Considered as a major metabolic hormone because they target virtually every tissue
T3 and T4
88
Parafollicular cells produces what hormone
Calcitonin | Which plays minimal role in Ca metab
89
Weight of adrenal gland
8-10 gm
90
The outer part of adrenal glands
Adrenal cortex (90%)
91
The inner part of adrenal glands
Adrenal medulla (10%)
92
The cells in adrenal cortex develops into
Steroidogenic cells (GC, MC, androgens)
93
Neural crest-derived cells of adrenal ,medulla asso with sympathetic ganglia
Chromaffin cells
94
Adrenal medulla synthesize
Catecholamine: Epi (80%) Norepi (20%)
95
Blood supply of adrenal gland
Inf suprarenal artery (from renal artery) Middle suprarenal artery (from aorta) Superior suprarenal artery (form inf phrenic artery)
96
2 types of bv carrying blood from adrenal cortex to medulla
Medullary arterioles - provide high O2 and nutrient to chromaffin cells Cortical sinusoids - into which cortical cells secrete steroid hormone
97
Medullary arterioles and cortical sinusoids fuse into ___ of vessels that drains into suprarenal vein and into IVC
Medullary plexus
98
Venous drainage of adrenal gland
R adrenal v - post aspect of IVC | L adrenal v - L renal v - IVC
99
Largest and most Steroidogenic zone of adrenal cortex
Zona fasciculata
100
Zone of adrenal cortex composed of straight cords of large cells with foamy cytoplasm which is filled with droplets representing stored cholesterol ester
Zona fasciculata
101
Zona reticularis begins to appear after birth at
5 y/o
102
Adrenal androgen (DHEAS) appear in circulation at what age
6 y/o
103
Most abundant circulating hormone in young male adult (negligible to female)
Androgen
104
Contributes to __% active androgen in males for axillary and pubic hair growth and libido
50%
105
Regulates salt and volume homeostasis
Zona glomerulosa | Aldosterone
106
Aldosterone in zona glomerulosa is regulated primarily by
Renin-angiotensin system | Extracellular K and ANP
107
Aldosterone in zona glomerulosa is regulated secondarily by
ACTH
108
There is no cortisol/androgen synthesis if this particular enzyme is..
Absence of CYP17
109
This enzyme catalyzes the last 3 reactions from DOC to form aldosterone
Presence of CYP11B2 (aldosterone synthase)
110
The last 3 reactions from DOC to aldosterone
11-hydroxylation: DOC to corticosterone 18-hydroxylation: corticosterone to 18-hydrocorticosterone 18-oxidation: 18-hydrocorticosterone to aldosterone
111
The mass of islets of langerhans in pancreas differs with age. Is it greater in adult?
Greater in fetus and young
112
Most abundant cell type in pancreas
Beta cells
113
Beta cells of pancreas are found in
Body Tail Anterior portion of head
114
Polyhedral cells of pancreas arranged in tubes around capillary
B cells
115
B cells produces what hormone
Insulin
116
A cells of pancreas are found in
Body | Tail
117
Columnar and caller cells of pancreas with granules
A cells
118
A cells of pancreas produces what hormone
Glucagon
119
Smaller,dendritic and well granulated cells of pancreas
Delta cell
120
Delta cells of pancreas produces
Somatostatin
121
F or PP cells of pancreas are found in
Post or ventral part of head
122
ANS modulates islet hormone secretion. What stimulation increases insulin, glucagon and PP?
Cholinergic and beta-adrenergic stimulation
123
Pp cells of pancreas produces what hormone
Pancreatic polypeptide
124
Normal gametogenesis and development and physiology of male and female repro tract are absolutely dependent on gonadal endocrine func
True
125
Functional unit of ovary
Ovarian follicle
126
The outer cortex of ovary is composed of densely cellular stroma, and within resides ovarian follicles which is covered by
Tunica albuginea | Ovarian surface epith cells
127
Stage of ovarian follicle growth where that start of ovarian hormone production
Growing antral (tertiary) follicle
128
Basic roles of gonadal hormone in male
Support of spermatogenesis Maintenance of male repro tract and semen production Maintenance of secondary sex characteristics Maintenance of libido
129
Major difference in between male and female repro tract: Testis reside outside abdominal cavity Ovaries reside within abdominal cavity
Major difference in between male and female repro tract: M: Continuous release of gametes from gonads F: release of gametes occurs once a month
130
Major difference in between male and female repro tract: m: gametes contiguous with repro tract F: gamers not contiguous with repro tract
Major difference in between male and female repro tract: m: gametic reserve replenished throughout life F: finite gametic reserve, exhausted by menopause
131
Major difference in between male and female repro tract: Testosterone exerts neg feedback on secretion of pituitary FSH and LH Estrogen exerts neg and pos feedback
Major difference in between male and female repro tract: M: activity does not show rhythm F: activity based on monthly menstrual cycle or length of pregnancy
132
Major difference in between male and female repro tract: Testosterone always the primary gonadal steroid Estrogen is the primary steroid in first half of cycle, progesterone in 2nd half
Major difference in between male and female repro tract: M: repro system does not prepare for NB F: prepare for NB with breast development and milk production
133
Blood supply of testis
Testicular artery (from branches of internal spermatic artery)
134
Components of testicular lobule
Intra lobular compartment | Peritubular compartments
135
Component of testicular lobule composed of seminiferous tubules
Intratubular compartment
136
Sertoli and sperm cells are located in what Component of testicular lobule
Intra tubular compartment
137
Component of testicular lobule that represents true epithelial cells of seminiferous epith and surrounds the sperm cells
Peritubular compartment
138
Cell in peri tubular compartment that produces testosterone
Interstitial cells of leydig
139
Nurse cell
Sertoli cells
140
Sertoli cells forms these junctions with all stages of sperm cell, allowing sperm cells to be guided towards the lumen
Adherens-type junction | Gap junction
141
Sertoli cells contains major secretory products such as
Protease and protease inhibitors.
142
Supportive function of Sertoli cells
Maintaining, breaking and reforming multiple junctions with developing sperm Maintaining blood-testis Barrier Phagocytosis Transfer of nutrients and other subs from blood to developing sperm cells Expression of paracrine factors and receptors for sperm-derived paracrine factors
143
Exocrine function of Sertoli cells
Production of fluid to move immobile sperm put of testis towards epididymis Production of androgen-binding protein (ABP) Determination of release of spermatozoa from seminiferous tubules
144
Endocrine function of Sertoli cells
Expression of androgen receptor and FSH-receptor Production of mullerium-inhibiting subs (MIS) Aromatic action of testosterone to estradiol-17B Produce inhibin (keeps FSH level within specific range)
145
Hormone that keeps FSH level within specific range.
Inhibin
146
Primary endocrine cell of testis
Leydig cells
147
Leydig cells synthesize and stores
Cholesterol as cholesterol esters
148
Regulation of development of external genitalia in the presence of DHT
Male geniality is formed (penis, scrotum,prostate)
149
Regulation of development of external genitalia in the absence of DHT
female genitalia is formed (labia majora,minora, clitoris, lower 2/3 of vagina)
150
Hyper or hypo secretion of a hormone due to tumor or disease of an endocrine gland itself.
Primary hypo or hyper function
151
Hyper or hypo secretion of a hormone produced by excessive or deficient stimulation from its tropic hormone or its physiologic stimulators: no disease of gland per se.
Secondary hyper or hypofunction
152
In suppression test, the administration Of suppressor is to test the..
Autonomy of hormonal secretion
153
In stimulation test, the administration of specific stimulators to test the ..
Hormonal secretory reserve to the gland p
154
Protein bound fraction of hormone are physiologically inactive fraction
Free or unbound fraction of hormone are physiologically active fraction
155
Biochemical classification of hormones
Proteins and peptides Catecholamines Steroid hormones Iodothyronines (aa derivatives)
156
Proteins or peptides are synthesized as
Prehormones or preprohormones
157
Proteins /peptide hormones are stored in
Membrane-bound granules
158
Proteins/peptide hormones are polar/nonpolar
Polar
159
Proteins or peptide hormones has short/ long half life
Short half life
160
Proteins or peptide hormones are administered orally
False
161
Proteins or peptide hormones have cell membrane receptors (2nd msgr)
True
162
Catecholamine
Norepi, epi, dopamine
163
Catecholamines are synthesized by
Adrenal medulla | Neurons
164
Catecholamine are derived from what aa
Tyrosine
165
Catecholamine are polar/non polar
Polar
166
Catecholamine are stored in
Membrane soluble granules
167
Catecholamine are have short/long half life
Short half life (1-2min)
168
Catecholamine have cell membrane receptors
True
169
Catecholamine circulates in the blood in unbound/bound form
Both
170
Proteins/peptide hormones circulate the blood in bound/unbound form
Unbound
171
Steroid hormone is synthesized by
Adrenal cortex Ovaries Testes Placenta
172
Steroid hormones are derived form
Cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrine (CPPP) ring
173
Steroid hormones are stored in
Endocrine gland
174
Steroid hormones are administered orally
Yes
175
Steroid hormones are polar/non polar
Nonpolar - not readily soluble in blood thus curculates bound to transport proteins
176
Steroid hormone categories
1. Progestins - progesterone 2. Mineralocorticoids - aldosterone, 11-deoxycorticosterone 3. Glucocorticoids - cortisol, corticosterone 4. Androgens - testosterone, dihydrotestosterone 5. Estrogen - estradiol-17B, estriol, secosteroid (vitD active metabolite)
177
Iodothyronine is derived from what aa
Tyrosine
178
Iodothyronines are stored in
Follicle (part of thyroglobulin)
179
Iodothyronines are polar or nonpolar
Polar
180
Iodothyronines circulate the blood bound or unbound
Bound to serum binding proteins
181
Iodothyronine have intracellular receptors
True
182
Steroid hormones have intracellular receptors
True
183
Hormones that have intracellular Receptors
Steroid hormones and Iodothyronines
184
Iodothyronines have short or long half life
Long half life
185
Iodothyronines can be administered orally
True
186
Eicosanoids
Prostaglandins Leukotrienes Thromboxanes Prostacyclin
187
Eicosanoids are short lived compound formed from
Polyunsaturated fatty acids
188
Precursor of Eicosanoids
Arachidonic acid
189
Classes of hormones based on structure: glycoproteins
FSH LH TSH HCG
190
Type of secretory transport that involves secretion of hormone from endocrine cell, its diffusion into capillaries and regulation of distant cells
Hemocrine/ endocrine
191
Type of secretory transport that release hormone into ECF and its regulation of surrounding cells by diffusion
Paracrine
192
Type of secretory transport that secretes hormones to regulate its cell of origin thru membrane receptor
Autocrine
193
Type of secretory transport that involved release of neurohormone from axonal endings and regulation of nearby cell by diffusion
Neurocrine
194
Type of neurocrine wherein the msgr traverses a structure synaptic space
Synaptic neurocrine
195
Type of neurocrine wherein the msgr is carried to local or distant site of action via ECF or blood
Nonsynaptic neurocrine
196
Type of secretory transport where in some peptides/amines secreted directly into the gut (ie somatostatin, GASTRIN, secretin, subs P)
Solinocrine
197
Type of secretory transport which is the production of an intracellular hormone that binds to an intracellular receptor without leaving the cell
Intracrine
198
Hormonal Rhythm with a 24hr cycle
Circadian rhythm
199
Hormonal rhythm with a 1/2 to 2 hr cycle
Pulsatile rhythm
200
Hormonal rhythm with periodicity <24 hr
Ultradian rhythm
201
Hormones that secretes in an Ultradian rhythm
FSH LH Testosterone
202
Stimulation test is useful in diagnosing hypofunction/hyperfunction
Hypofunction | For detecting impaired secretory reserve
203
Suppression test is useful in diagnosing hypofunction/hyperfunction
Hyperfunction | Hyperfunctioning gland is not operating under normal control mechanism
204
Hormone that maintains the normal osmolarity of body fluids and blood vol
Antidiuretic hormone
205
Important in early vasodilators shock
Antidiuretic hormone
206
Target cell of ADH
Cells lining Distal renal tubule | Principal cells of collecting duct
207
Effect of ADH
Decrease urine flow Increased urine osmolality Increased mesangial cell contraction - decrease GFR Inhibits renin release
208
Regulation of secretion of ADH is released in response to
Cellular dehydration 1. Increase ECF osmolality 2. Decrease blood vol and pressure 3. Na, sucrose, mannitol 4. Drugs: barbiturates, nicotine, opiates 5. Nausea (protective effect)
209
Regulation of secretion of ADH is inhibited by
Alcohol Cortisol Atrial natriuretic peptide ANP
210
Half life of ADH
15-20 min
211
Deficiency in ADH production
Diabetes insipidus
212
In DI, they are unable to concentrate the urine normally, resulting in large volume of urine excreted.
True
213
Type of DI wherein there is destruction of pituitary or hypothalamus resulting to: High urine volume and low urine osmolality High plasma osmolality and low ADH levels
Neurogenic DI
214
Type of DI wherein there is normal ADH production but abnormal renal ADH response
Nephrogenic DI
215
Type of DI common in compulsive water drinkers
Psychogenic DI
216
Effects of SYndrome of inappropriate secretion of ADH
High urine osmolality Hyponatremia Low serum osmolality
217
SIADH is common in what disease
PTB, pulmonary Ca
218
Hormone that stimulates contraction of uterine myometrium
Oxytocin
219
Neuroendocrine reflex stimulating the regulation of oxytocin
During labor, Stretching of vagina and cervix
220
Milk let down
Oxytocin
221
Half life of oxytocin
3-5 min
222
Metabolic actions of GH on carbohydrates
Increase blood glucose Des peripheral insulin sensitivity Increase hepatic output of glucose Admin'n results in increased serum insulin levels
223
Metabolic actions of GH on proteins
Increase tissue aa uptake Increase incorporation into proteins Decrease urea production Produces positive Nitrogen balance
224
Metabolic actions of GH on lipids
Lipolytic | Keratogenic after long term admin'n
225
Metabolic actions of GH on IGF
Stimulates IGF production Stimulates growth Mitogenic
226
GH deficiency
Dwarfism
227
GH excess
Gigantism and acromegaly
228
Sites of impairment in dwarfism
Reduced GH secretion Decreased IGF production Deficient IGF action
229
Normal GH level but lack normal rise in IGF during puberty | Partial IGF response
African pigmy
230
Causes of retarded growth in children
``` GH deficiency Thyroid deficiency Insulin deficiency Malnutrition / under nutrition Physical growth retardation Constitutional delay Chronic disease Genetic disorders charac by short stature Cortisol excess ```
231
Dwarfism occurs after or before puberty
Before puberty
232
GH excess that occurs before puberty
Gigantism
233
GH excess that occurs after puberty or after closure of epiphyses
Acromegaly
234
Gf resistant due to genetic defect in the receptor (total absence of IGF response)
Laron dwarfs
235
In gigantism, it may be due to pituitary tumor which may compress the anterior pituitary
In acromegaly, Appositional growth occurs instead of lengthening of long bones. "Acro" means end/extremity "Megaly" means enlargement
236
PRL is a ___ aa peptide
199 aa
237
PRL is under tonic inhibitory control by hypothalamus by
Dopamine
238
Hormone that increases during pregnancy, promoting development of breast
PRL
239
PRL is stimulated by
Nursing or breast stimulation which promotes onset and maintenance of milk production
240
PRL stimuli
Stress and sleep
241
PRL inhibitors
Dopamine agonist (bromocriptine) Somatostatin TSH GH
242
If PRL suppress GnRH release
Lactational amenorrhea
243
Hyperprolactinemia is secondary to post/ant pituitary tumor
Anterior pituitary
244
Hyperprolactinemia is asso with amenorrhea and infertility. Can have gynecomastia and galactorrhea. May have visual disturbance (bite,portal hemianopsia) and decreased libido
True
245
Inability to initiate postpartum lactation
PRL deficiency
246
Endocrine hormones that do not have their own personal glands
Gastrin, secretin, cholecystokinin - by GI wall Erythropoietin - kidney Prostaglandin
247
Hyperprolactinemia may occur with excess TRH production stimulates PRL secretion in addition to TSH secretion
True
248
Hormone that Stimulates development of breast duct system, breast fat deposition and breast stroma
Estrogen
249
Hormone that Stimulates development of breast glandular tissue, the secretory structure of the breast
Progesterone
250
Hormone that Stimulates milk secretion into the alveoli in pregnancy and nursing
PRL
251
Hormone that Stimulates breast myoepithelial cell to contracts thereby ejecting the milk that has been stored in breast
Oxytocin
252
what are the dopamine agonist drugs that cause shrinkage of prolactinomas?
Bromocriptine Cabergoline "BRO, you call ur TITS a CAB"
253
Nursing stimulates PRL production and hence asso with decreased fertility during phase of nursing
Excess PRL in male results in testosterone deficiency and impotence
254
GH indirectly induce liver to produce
Somatomedin
255
GH induce placenta to produce ___ . | By increasing maternal blood glucose and FA level! this increases the availability the nutrients for fetus.
Somatomammotropin
256
TSH stimulate the proliferation of Tg synthesizing cuboidal cells of thyroid follicles. Thus an excess TSH will cause enlarged thyroid or..
Goiter
257
Stress also triggers CRH release
True
258
Hypertension, hypokalemic alkalosis are found in excess/deficient ACTH
Excess ACTH (Cushing's disease)
259
Hypotension, hyperkalemic acidosis are found in excess/deficient ACTH
Deficient ACTH (Addison's disease)
260
Incrd Skin pigmentation may occur in Addison's disease if
The disease is not of pituitary origin
261
Inhibin in males is produced by what cell and cause decrease/increase FSH or LH
Inhibin in males is produced by Sertoli cells which decreases FSH
262
Inhibin in females is produced by what cell and cause decrease/increase FSH or LH
Inhibin in females is produced by corpus luteum and causes decrease in FSH and LH
263
LH in male stimulates ___ produced by ___ cell
Testosterone stimulation by leydig cells
264
LH in female stimulates ___ produces what hormone
Follicle Ovulation and maturation into corpus luteum | Produces estrogen and progesterone
265
FSH in male stimulates ___ produced by ___ cell
Facilitates spermatogenesis | Produced by Sertoli cells
266
FSH in female stimulates ___ produces what hormone.
Follicular growth | Produces estradiol

Med Prep (52 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions