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endocrine - general Flashcards

0
Q

Organs which secrete subs in response to stimuli

A

Glands

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1
Q

Importance of endocrine system

A

Allows normal growth and development of organism
Maintains internal homeostasis
Regulated the onset of reproductive maturity at puberty and the func of the repro system in adults

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2
Q

Type of glands which secretes salts, water, immunoglobulin and enzymes conveyed to a major lumen via a duct

A

Exocrine gland

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3
Q

Type of gland that are ductless to which it secretes hormones directly into the circulation.

A

Endocrine gland

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4
Q

Chemical msgr/signals secreted into the blood stream to act on distant tissues

A

Hormones

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5
Q

Hypothalamus develops from lateral wall of diencephalon thru ventral extension to a groove in about __wk of gestation

A

5 1/2 wks

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6
Q

Hypothalamus is a dorsal/ventral derivative of neural tube.

A

Ventral

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7
Q

Hypothalamus originates from

A

Embryonic basal plate

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8
Q

Hypothalamus is composed of gray/white matter

A

Gray mater

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9
Q

Regions of hypothalamus

A

Chiasmatic (preoptic region)
Tuberal region
Mammillary region

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10
Q

Nucleus of Chiasmatic region of hypothalamus

A

Suprachiasmatic
Supra optic
Paraventricular nucleus
Anterior nucleus

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11
Q

Nucleus of Tuberal region of hypothalamus

A

Arcuate nucleus
Dorsomedial nucleus
Ventromedial nucleus

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12
Q

Nucleus of Mammillary region of hypothalamus

A

Posterior nucleus

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13
Q

Bld supply of hypothalamus

A 
Terminal branches of circle of Willis:
Internal carotid artery
Ant.cerebral artery
Post. Cerebral artery 
Ant. Comm. artery
Post. Comm. artery
Basilar artery
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14
Q

Venous drainage of hypothalamus

A

Majority of hypothalamus - ant.cerebral and basal vein
Dorsal portion - internal cerebral vein

Both reaching the great vein of Galen (rosenthal)

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15
Q

2 types of neuron in hypothalamus

A

Magnocellular (large) neuron

Parvicellular (small) neuron

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16
Q

Neuron of hypothalamus with arginine vasopressine and oxytocin

A

Magnocellular

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17
Q

Neuron of hypothalamus with neuro peptides and biogenic amines

A

Parvicellular

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18
Q

Hypothalamic nuclei that func as:
ADH: osmoregulatioh
Oxytocin: regulation of uterine contraction and milk ejection

A

Supraoptic nucleus

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19
Q

Hypothalamic nuclei that func as:
Magnocellular PVN: ADH, oxytocin
Parvicellular PVN: TRH, CRH, VIP

A

Paraventricular nucleus

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20
Q

Hypothalamic nuclei that func as:

Regulator of circadian rhythm and pineal function.

A

Suprachiasmatic nucleus

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21
Q

Hypothalamic nuclei that func as:
Regulation of appetite
GNHR, GnRH, dopamine, somatostatin

A

Arcuate nucleus

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22
Q

Hypothalamic nuclei that func as:

Somatostatin

A

Periventricular nucleus

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23
Q

Hypothalamic nuclei that func as:
Satiety center
GHRH, somatostatin

A

Ventromedial nucleus

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24
Q

Hypothalamic nuclei that func as:

Focal point of info processing

A

Dorsomedial nucleus

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25
Q

Hypothalamic nuclei that func as:
Hunger center
MCH, anorexins

A

Lateral hypothalamus

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26
Q

Hypothalamic nuclei that func as:

Few GnRH neurons

A

Preoptic nucleus

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27
Q

Hypothalamic nuclei that func as:
Thermoregulation (cooling center)
Regulation of thirst

A

Anterior hypothalamus

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28
Q

Hypothalamic nuclei that func as:

Thermoregulation (heating center)

A

Posterior hypothalamus

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29
Q

Seat of the soul

A

Pineal gland

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30
Q

Pineal gland secretes what hormone?

A

Melatonin

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31
Q

Pineal gland secretes melatonin in response to

A

Hypoglycemia and darkness

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32
Q

Pineal gland also contains other bio active peptides such as

A

TRH, GnRH, somatostatin, norepi

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33
Q

Weight of pituitary gland (hypophysis)

A

400-800 mg

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34
Q

In embryology of hypothalamus, the rathke’s pouch may persist and becomes

A

Craniopharyngioma

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35
Q

In embryology of hypothalamus. Division where the cells on the side of the rathke’s punch facing the infundibulum.
Lost in adult.

A

Pars intermedia

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36
Q

In embryology of hypothalamus. Division where the cells facing away from infundibulum.

A

Pars digitalis

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37
Q

In embryology of hypothalamus. Division where the cells makes up almost all the adenohypophysis

A

Pars digitalis

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38
Q

In embryology of hypothalamus. Division which is composed of thin layer of cells which wrap around the infundibular stalk

A

Pars tuberalis

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39
Q

Age of gestation where rathke’s pouch arise

A

5th wk

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40
Q

Neural down growth

A

Infundibulum

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41
Q

In embryology of hypothalamus. Division which is the lower expansion of infundibular process. And becomes the posterior pituitary.

A

Pars nervosa

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42
Q

Age of gestation where pars nervosa arise.

A

8th wk.

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43
Q

Infundibulum + pars tuberalis

A

Pituitary stalk

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44
Q

Funnel shaped swelling superior to the infundibulum

A

Median eminence

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45
Q

Component of pituitary gland composed mainly of epithelial cells with 5cell types excreting 6 hormones.

A

Anterior pituitary or adenohypophysis

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46
Q

Component of pituitary gland composed mainly of neural cells and the site of release of neuro hormones.

A

Posterior pituitary or neuro hypophysis

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47
Q

Blood supply of pituitary gland

A

Internal carotid arteries branches:
Superior hypophysial arteries
Middle and inf hypophysial arteries - supplies pituitary stalk and post pituitary

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48
Q

Site of release of ADH and oxytocin

A

Neurohypophysis

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49
Q

Cell bodies producing ADH and oxytocin located in what nucleus

A

Supra optic (SON) and paraventricular nucleus (PVN)

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50
Q

ADH are synthesized as preprohormones:

A

Preprovasophysin - co secreted peptide - neurophysin I

Preprooxyphyxin - cosecreted peptide - neurophysin II

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51
Q

Axonal swelling in neuro hypophysis due to storage of secretory granules.

A

Herring bodies

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52
Q

ADH and oxytocin are similar in structures but only differs in only 2 aa.

A

ADH - Phenylephrine (phe)

Oxytocin - isoleucine (ile)

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53
Q

4 cell types of adenohypophysis

A

Basophils:
Gonadotropes FSH, LH
Corticotropes ACTH
Thyrotropes TSH

Acidophils:
Lactotropes Prolactin
Somatotropes GH

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54
Q

Endocrine axis

A 
Hypothalamus
Releasing hormone
Endocrine cell type
Tropic hormone
Peripheral endocrine gland (adrenal,thyroid, gonads, liver) 
Peripheral hormone
Physiologic response
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55
Q 
Primary hypothalamic regulator of: 
Corticotrope
Thyrotrope
Gonadotrope
Somatorope
Lactotrope
A 
Primary hypothalamic regulator of: 
Corticotrope - corticotropin-RH 
Thyrotrope - thyrotropin-RH
Gonadotrophs - Gonadotropin-RH
Somatorope - Growth hormone-RH
Lactotrope - dopamine and prolactin-RH
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56
Q 
Tropic hormone secreted of: 
Corticotrope
Thyrotrope
Gonadotrope
Somatorope
Lactotrope
A

Tropic hormone secreted of:
Corticotrope - adenocorticotropic hormone ACTH
Thyrotrope - thyroid stimulating hormone TSH
Gonadotrope - follicle-stimulating hormone FSH and leutinizing hormone LH
Somatorope - GH
Lactotrope - prolactin

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57
Q 
Receptor of: 
Corticotrope
Thyrotrope
Gonadotrope
Somatorope
Lactotrope
A 
Receptor of: 
Corticotrope - melanicortin-2 receptor MC2R
Thyrotrope - TSH receptor 
Gonadotrope - FSH and LH receptor
Somatorope - GH receptor
Lactotrope - prolactin receptor
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58
Q 
Target endocrine gland of: 
Corticotrope
Thyrotrope
Gonadotrope
Somatorope
Lactotrope
A

Target endocrine gland of:
Corticotrope - zona fasciculata and reticularis of adrenal cortex
Thyrotrope - thyroid epith
Gonadotrope - ovary (theca&granulosa); testis (leydig&sertoli)
Somatorope - liver
Lactotrope - none (not part of endocrine axis)

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59
Q 
Peripheral hormone involved in negative feedback of: 
Corticotrope
Thyrotrope
Gonadotrope
Somatorope
Lactotrope
A

Peripheral hormone involved in negative feedback of:
Corticotrope - cortisol
Thyrotrope - T3
Gonadotrope - estrogen, progesterone, testosterone, inhibin
Somatorope - IGF-1
Lactotrope - none

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60
Q

Half life of ACTH

A

10 min

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61
Q

ACTH has a diurnal pattern

A

Peak - early morning

Valley - late afternoon

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62
Q

Secretion of ACTH is pulsatile

A

True

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63
Q

TSH is heterodimer. What subunit is common to TSH, FSH and LH

A

Alpha-Glycoprotein subunit

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64
Q

TRH has a diurnal pattern.

A

Peak - overnight

Valley - dinner time

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65
Q

TRH is inhibited by

A

Stress

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66
Q

GnRH is released in pulsatile secretion

A

True

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67
Q

ACTH is a ___ aa peptide

A

39 aa

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68
Q

GnRH is a ___ aa peptide

A

10aa

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69
Q

GH is a ___ aa peptide

A

191 aa

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70
Q

GH is under dual control by hypothalmus. It is stimulated and inhibited by..

A

Stimulation by GHRH

Inhibition by somatostatin

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71
Q

GHRH has a diurnal pattern

A

Peak - early morning

Valley - day

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72
Q

GH is stimulated during deep, slow-wave sleep (stages 3 and 4).
Sleep wake patterns

A

Pulsatile secretion

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73
Q

Largest single organ specialized for hormone production

A

Thyroid gland

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74
Q

Weight of thyroid gland

A

15-25 gm

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75
Q

Which is larger? Right or left lobe of thyroid gland?

A

Right lobe. 2x larger

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76
Q

Which extends higher and lower in the neck? Right or left lobe of thyroid gland?

A

Right lobe

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77
Q

Isthmus crosses the trachea between rings”

A

Tracheal rings I and II

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78
Q

Bld supply of thyroid gland

A

Superior thyroid arteries
Inferior thyroid arteries
Thyroid ima arteries

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79
Q

Venous drainage of thyroid gland

A

Superior thyroid vein
Middle thyroid vein
Inferior thyroid vein

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80
Q

Cell pop in thyroid parenchyma

A

Follicular cells
Parafollicular C cells
Epithelial cells

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81
Q

Parafollicular cells are usually located where in the lobe?

A

Upper 2/3 of lobes

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82
Q

Cell in thyroid parenchyma where it could be the origin of subset of papillary thyroid Ca

A

Epithelial cells

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83
Q

Functional unit of thyroid gland

A

Follicular cells

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84
Q

Domain in follicular cell that faces the follicle lumen (colloid) with micro villi and pseudopods

A

Apical domain

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85
Q

Domain in follicular cell that faces extracellular matrix (blood) which contains (+) TSH and NIS

A

Basal domain

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86
Q

Two principal hormones of follicular cells

A

Thyroxine T4

Triiodothyronine T3

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87
Q

Required for homeostasis of all cells
Influence cell differentiation growth and metab
Considered as a major metabolic hormone because they target virtually every tissue

A

T3 and T4

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88
Q

Parafollicular cells produces what hormone

A

Calcitonin

Which plays minimal role in Ca metab

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89
Q

Weight of adrenal gland

A

8-10 gm

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90
Q

The outer part of adrenal glands

A

Adrenal cortex (90%)

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91
Q

The inner part of adrenal glands

A

Adrenal medulla (10%)

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92
Q

The cells in adrenal cortex develops into

A

Steroidogenic cells (GC, MC, androgens)

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93
Q

Neural crest-derived cells of adrenal ,medulla asso with sympathetic ganglia

A

Chromaffin cells

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94
Q

Adrenal medulla synthesize

A

Catecholamine:
Epi (80%)
Norepi (20%)

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95
Q

Blood supply of adrenal gland

A

Inf suprarenal artery (from renal artery)
Middle suprarenal artery (from aorta)
Superior suprarenal artery (form inf phrenic artery)

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96
Q

2 types of bv carrying blood from adrenal cortex to medulla

A

Medullary arterioles - provide high O2 and nutrient to chromaffin cells
Cortical sinusoids - into which cortical cells secrete steroid hormone

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97
Q

Medullary arterioles and cortical sinusoids fuse into ___ of vessels that drains into suprarenal vein and into IVC

A

Medullary plexus

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98
Q

Venous drainage of adrenal gland

A

R adrenal v - post aspect of IVC

L adrenal v - L renal v - IVC

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99
Q

Largest and most Steroidogenic zone of adrenal cortex

A

Zona fasciculata

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100
Q

Zone of adrenal cortex composed of straight cords of large cells with foamy cytoplasm which is filled with droplets representing stored cholesterol ester

A

Zona fasciculata

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101
Q

Zona reticularis begins to appear after birth at

A

5 y/o

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102
Q

Adrenal androgen (DHEAS) appear in circulation at what age

A

6 y/o

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103
Q

Most abundant circulating hormone in young male adult (negligible to female)

A

Androgen

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104
Q

Contributes to __% active androgen in males for axillary and pubic hair growth and libido

A

50%

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105
Q

Regulates salt and volume homeostasis

A

Zona glomerulosa

Aldosterone

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106
Q

Aldosterone in zona glomerulosa is regulated primarily by

A

Renin-angiotensin system

Extracellular K and ANP

107
Q

Aldosterone in zona glomerulosa is regulated secondarily by

108
Q

There is no cortisol/androgen synthesis if this particular enzyme is..

A

Absence of CYP17

109
Q

This enzyme catalyzes the last 3 reactions from DOC to form aldosterone

A

Presence of CYP11B2 (aldosterone synthase)

110
Q

The last 3 reactions from DOC to aldosterone

A

11-hydroxylation: DOC to corticosterone
18-hydroxylation: corticosterone to 18-hydrocorticosterone
18-oxidation: 18-hydrocorticosterone to aldosterone

111
Q

The mass of islets of langerhans in pancreas differs with age. Is it greater in adult?

A

Greater in fetus and young

112
Q

Most abundant cell type in pancreas

A

Beta cells

113
Q

Beta cells of pancreas are found in

A

Body
Tail
Anterior portion of head

114
Q

Polyhedral cells of pancreas arranged in tubes around capillary

115
Q

B cells produces what hormone

116
Q

A cells of pancreas are found in

117
Q

Columnar and caller cells of pancreas with granules

118
Q

A cells of pancreas produces what hormone

119
Q

Smaller,dendritic and well granulated cells of pancreas

A

Delta cell

120
Q

Delta cells of pancreas produces

A

Somatostatin

121
Q

F or PP cells of pancreas are found in

A

Post or ventral part of head

122
Q

ANS modulates islet hormone secretion. What stimulation increases insulin, glucagon and PP?

A

Cholinergic and beta-adrenergic stimulation

123
Q

Pp cells of pancreas produces what hormone

A

Pancreatic polypeptide

124
Q

Normal gametogenesis and development and physiology of male and female repro tract are absolutely dependent on gonadal endocrine func

125
Q

Functional unit of ovary

A

Ovarian follicle

126
Q

The outer cortex of ovary is composed of densely cellular stroma, and within resides ovarian follicles which is covered by

A

Tunica albuginea

Ovarian surface epith cells

127
Q

Stage of ovarian follicle growth where that start of ovarian hormone production

A

Growing antral (tertiary) follicle

128
Q

Basic roles of gonadal hormone in male

A

Support of spermatogenesis
Maintenance of male repro tract and semen production
Maintenance of secondary sex characteristics
Maintenance of libido

129
Q

Major difference in between male and female repro tract:
Testis reside outside abdominal cavity
Ovaries reside within abdominal cavity

A

Major difference in between male and female repro tract:
M: Continuous release of gametes from gonads
F: release of gametes occurs once a month

130
Q

Major difference in between male and female repro tract:
m: gametes contiguous with repro tract
F: gamers not contiguous with repro tract

A

Major difference in between male and female repro tract:
m: gametic reserve replenished throughout life
F: finite gametic reserve, exhausted by menopause

131
Q

Major difference in between male and female repro tract:
Testosterone exerts neg feedback on secretion of pituitary FSH and LH
Estrogen exerts neg and pos feedback

A

Major difference in between male and female repro tract:
M: activity does not show rhythm
F: activity based on monthly menstrual cycle or length of pregnancy

132
Q

Major difference in between male and female repro tract:
Testosterone always the primary gonadal steroid
Estrogen is the primary steroid in first half of cycle, progesterone in 2nd half

A

Major difference in between male and female repro tract:
M: repro system does not prepare for NB
F: prepare for NB with breast development and milk production

133
Q

Blood supply of testis

A

Testicular artery (from branches of internal spermatic artery)

134
Q

Components of testicular lobule

A

Intra lobular compartment

Peritubular compartments

135
Q

Component of testicular lobule composed of seminiferous tubules

A

Intratubular compartment

136
Q

Sertoli and sperm cells are located in what Component of testicular lobule

A

Intra tubular compartment

137
Q

Component of testicular lobule that represents true epithelial cells of seminiferous epith and surrounds the sperm cells

A

Peritubular compartment

138
Q

Cell in peri tubular compartment that produces testosterone

A

Interstitial cells of leydig

139
Q

Nurse cell

A

Sertoli cells

140
Q

Sertoli cells forms these junctions with all stages of sperm cell, allowing sperm cells to be guided towards the lumen

A

Adherens-type junction

Gap junction

141
Q

Sertoli cells contains major secretory products such as

A

Protease and protease inhibitors.

142
Q

Supportive function of Sertoli cells

A

Maintaining, breaking and reforming multiple junctions with developing sperm
Maintaining blood-testis Barrier
Phagocytosis
Transfer of nutrients and other subs from blood to developing sperm cells
Expression of paracrine factors and receptors for sperm-derived paracrine factors

143
Q

Exocrine function of Sertoli cells

A

Production of fluid to move immobile sperm put of testis towards epididymis
Production of androgen-binding protein (ABP)
Determination of release of spermatozoa from seminiferous tubules

144
Q

Endocrine function of Sertoli cells

A

Expression of androgen receptor and FSH-receptor
Production of mullerium-inhibiting subs (MIS)
Aromatic action of testosterone to estradiol-17B
Produce inhibin (keeps FSH level within specific range)

145
Q

Hormone that keeps FSH level within specific range.

146
Q

Primary endocrine cell of testis

A

Leydig cells

147
Q

Leydig cells synthesize and stores

A

Cholesterol as cholesterol esters

148
Q

Regulation of development of external genitalia in the presence of DHT

A

Male geniality is formed (penis, scrotum,prostate)

149
Q

Regulation of development of external genitalia in the absence of DHT

A

female genitalia is formed (labia majora,minora, clitoris, lower 2/3 of vagina)

150
Q

Hyper or hypo secretion of a hormone due to tumor or disease of an endocrine gland itself.

A

Primary hypo or hyper function

151
Q

Hyper or hypo secretion of a hormone produced by excessive or deficient stimulation from its tropic hormone or its physiologic stimulators: no disease of gland per se.

A

Secondary hyper or hypofunction

152
Q

In suppression test, the administration Of suppressor is to test the..

A

Autonomy of hormonal secretion

153
Q

In stimulation test, the administration of specific stimulators to test the ..

A

Hormonal secretory reserve to the gland p

154
Q

Protein bound fraction of hormone are physiologically inactive fraction

A

Free or unbound fraction of hormone are physiologically active fraction

155
Q

Biochemical classification of hormones

A

Proteins and peptides
Catecholamines
Steroid hormones
Iodothyronines (aa derivatives)

156
Q

Proteins or peptides are synthesized as

A

Prehormones or preprohormones

157
Q

Proteins /peptide hormones are stored in

A

Membrane-bound granules

158
Q

Proteins/peptide hormones are polar/nonpolar

159
Q

Proteins or peptide hormones has short/ long half life

A

Short half life

160
Q

Proteins or peptide hormones are administered orally

161
Q

Proteins or peptide hormones have cell membrane receptors (2nd msgr)

162
Q

Catecholamine

A

Norepi, epi, dopamine

163
Q

Catecholamines are synthesized by

A

Adrenal medulla

Neurons

164
Q

Catecholamine are derived from what aa

165
Q

Catecholamine are polar/non polar

166
Q

Catecholamine are stored in

A

Membrane soluble granules

167
Q

Catecholamine are have short/long half life

A

Short half life (1-2min)

168
Q

Catecholamine have cell membrane receptors

169
Q

Catecholamine circulates in the blood in unbound/bound form

170
Q

Proteins/peptide hormones circulate the blood in bound/unbound form

171
Q

Steroid hormone is synthesized by

A

Adrenal cortex
Ovaries
Testes
Placenta

172
Q

Steroid hormones are derived form

A

Cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrine (CPPP) ring

173
Q

Steroid hormones are stored in

A

Endocrine gland

174
Q

Steroid hormones are administered orally

175
Q

Steroid hormones are polar/non polar

A

Nonpolar - not readily soluble in blood thus curculates bound to transport proteins

176
Q

Steroid hormone categories

A
  1. Progestins - progesterone
  2. Mineralocorticoids - aldosterone, 11-deoxycorticosterone
  3. Glucocorticoids - cortisol, corticosterone
  4. Androgens - testosterone, dihydrotestosterone
  5. Estrogen - estradiol-17B, estriol, secosteroid (vitD active metabolite)
177
Q

Iodothyronine is derived from what aa

178
Q

Iodothyronines are stored in

A

Follicle (part of thyroglobulin)

179
Q

Iodothyronines are polar or nonpolar

180
Q

Iodothyronines circulate the blood bound or unbound

A

Bound to serum binding proteins

181
Q

Iodothyronine have intracellular receptors

182
Q

Steroid hormones have intracellular receptors

183
Q

Hormones that have intracellular Receptors

A

Steroid hormones and Iodothyronines

184
Q

Iodothyronines have short or long half life

A

Long half life

185
Q

Iodothyronines can be administered orally

186
Q

Eicosanoids

A

Prostaglandins
Leukotrienes
Thromboxanes
Prostacyclin

187
Q

Eicosanoids are short lived compound formed from

A

Polyunsaturated fatty acids

188
Q

Precursor of Eicosanoids

A

Arachidonic acid

189
Q

Classes of hormones based on structure: glycoproteins

A

FSH
LH
TSH
HCG

190
Q

Type of secretory transport that involves secretion of hormone from endocrine cell, its diffusion into capillaries and regulation of distant cells

A

Hemocrine/ endocrine

191
Q

Type of secretory transport that release hormone into ECF and its regulation of surrounding cells by diffusion

192
Q

Type of secretory transport that secretes hormones to regulate its cell of origin thru membrane receptor

193
Q

Type of secretory transport that involved release of neurohormone from axonal endings and regulation of nearby cell by diffusion

A

Neurocrine

194
Q

Type of neurocrine wherein the msgr traverses a structure synaptic space

A

Synaptic neurocrine

195
Q

Type of neurocrine wherein the msgr is carried to local or distant site of action via ECF or blood

A

Nonsynaptic neurocrine

196
Q

Type of secretory transport where in some peptides/amines secreted directly into the gut (ie somatostatin, GASTRIN, secretin, subs P)

A

Solinocrine

197
Q

Type of secretory transport which is the production of an intracellular hormone that binds to an intracellular receptor without leaving the cell

A

Intracrine

198
Q

Hormonal Rhythm with a 24hr cycle

A

Circadian rhythm

199
Q

Hormonal rhythm with a 1/2 to 2 hr cycle

A

Pulsatile rhythm

200
Q

Hormonal rhythm with periodicity <24 hr

A

Ultradian rhythm

201
Q

Hormones that secretes in an Ultradian rhythm

A

FSH
LH
Testosterone

202
Q

Stimulation test is useful in diagnosing hypofunction/hyperfunction

A

Hypofunction

For detecting impaired secretory reserve

203
Q

Suppression test is useful in diagnosing hypofunction/hyperfunction

A

Hyperfunction

Hyperfunctioning gland is not operating under normal control mechanism

204
Q

Hormone that maintains the normal osmolarity of body fluids and blood vol

A

Antidiuretic hormone

205
Q

Important in early vasodilators shock

A

Antidiuretic hormone

206
Q

Target cell of ADH

A

Cells lining Distal renal tubule

Principal cells of collecting duct

207
Q

Effect of ADH

A

Decrease urine flow
Increased urine osmolality
Increased mesangial cell contraction - decrease GFR
Inhibits renin release

208
Q

Regulation of secretion of ADH is released in response to

A

Cellular dehydration

  1. Increase ECF osmolality
  2. Decrease blood vol and pressure
  3. Na, sucrose, mannitol
  4. Drugs: barbiturates, nicotine, opiates
  5. Nausea (protective effect)
209
Q

Regulation of secretion of ADH is inhibited by

A

Alcohol
Cortisol
Atrial natriuretic peptide ANP

210
Q

Half life of ADH

211
Q

Deficiency in ADH production

A

Diabetes insipidus

212
Q

In DI, they are unable to concentrate the urine normally, resulting in large volume of urine excreted.

213
Q

Type of DI wherein there is destruction of pituitary or hypothalamus resulting to:
High urine volume and low urine osmolality
High plasma osmolality and low ADH levels

A

Neurogenic DI

214
Q

Type of DI wherein there is normal ADH production but abnormal renal ADH response

A

Nephrogenic DI

215
Q

Type of DI common in compulsive water drinkers

A

Psychogenic DI

216
Q

Effects of SYndrome of inappropriate secretion of ADH

A

High urine osmolality
Hyponatremia
Low serum osmolality

217
Q

SIADH is common in what disease

A

PTB, pulmonary Ca

218
Q

Hormone that stimulates contraction of uterine myometrium

219
Q

Neuroendocrine reflex stimulating the regulation of oxytocin

A

During labor, Stretching of vagina and cervix

220
Q

Milk let down

221
Q

Half life of oxytocin

222
Q

Metabolic actions of GH on carbohydrates

A

Increase blood glucose
Des peripheral insulin sensitivity
Increase hepatic output of glucose
Admin’n results in increased serum insulin levels

223
Q

Metabolic actions of GH on proteins

A

Increase tissue aa uptake
Increase incorporation into proteins
Decrease urea production
Produces positive Nitrogen balance

224
Q

Metabolic actions of GH on lipids

A

Lipolytic

Keratogenic after long term admin’n

225
Q

Metabolic actions of GH on IGF

A

Stimulates IGF production
Stimulates growth
Mitogenic

226
Q

GH deficiency

227
Q

GH excess

A

Gigantism and acromegaly

228
Q

Sites of impairment in dwarfism

A

Reduced GH secretion
Decreased IGF production
Deficient IGF action

229
Q

Normal GH level but lack normal rise in IGF during puberty

Partial IGF response

A

African pigmy

230
Q

Causes of retarded growth in children

A 
GH deficiency 
Thyroid deficiency
Insulin deficiency
Malnutrition / under nutrition
Physical growth retardation 
Constitutional delay
Chronic disease
Genetic disorders charac by short stature 
Cortisol excess
231
Q

Dwarfism occurs after or before puberty

A

Before puberty

232
Q

GH excess that occurs before puberty

233
Q

GH excess that occurs after puberty or after closure of epiphyses

A

Acromegaly

234
Q

Gf resistant due to genetic defect in the receptor (total absence of IGF response)

A

Laron dwarfs

235
Q

In gigantism, it may be due to pituitary tumor which may compress the anterior pituitary

A

In acromegaly, Appositional growth occurs instead of lengthening of long bones.
“Acro” means end/extremity
“Megaly” means enlargement

236
Q

PRL is a ___ aa peptide

237
Q

PRL is under tonic inhibitory control by hypothalamus by

238
Q

Hormone that increases during pregnancy, promoting development of breast

239
Q

PRL is stimulated by

A

Nursing or breast stimulation which promotes onset and maintenance of milk production

240
Q

PRL stimuli

A

Stress and sleep

241
Q

PRL inhibitors

A

Dopamine agonist (bromocriptine)
Somatostatin
TSH
GH

242
Q

If PRL suppress GnRH release

A

Lactational amenorrhea

243
Q

Hyperprolactinemia is secondary to post/ant pituitary tumor

A

Anterior pituitary

244
Q

Hyperprolactinemia is asso with amenorrhea and infertility.
Can have gynecomastia and galactorrhea.
May have visual disturbance (bite,portal hemianopsia) and decreased libido

245
Q

Inability to initiate postpartum lactation

A

PRL deficiency

246
Q

Endocrine hormones that do not have their own personal glands

A

Gastrin, secretin, cholecystokinin - by GI wall
Erythropoietin - kidney
Prostaglandin

247
Q

Hyperprolactinemia may occur with excess TRH production stimulates PRL secretion in addition to TSH secretion

248
Q

Hormone that Stimulates development of breast duct system, breast fat deposition and breast stroma

249
Q

Hormone that Stimulates development of breast glandular tissue, the secretory structure of the breast

A

Progesterone

250
Q

Hormone that Stimulates milk secretion into the alveoli in pregnancy and nursing

251
Q

Hormone that Stimulates breast myoepithelial cell to contracts thereby ejecting the milk that has been stored in breast

252
Q

what are the dopamine agonist drugs that cause shrinkage of prolactinomas?

A

Bromocriptine
Cabergoline

“BRO, you call ur TITS a CAB”

253
Q

Nursing stimulates PRL production and hence asso with decreased fertility during phase of nursing

A

Excess PRL in male results in testosterone deficiency and impotence

254
Q

GH indirectly induce liver to produce

A

Somatomedin

255
Q

GH induce placenta to produce ___ .

By increasing maternal blood glucose and FA level! this increases the availability the nutrients for fetus.

A

Somatomammotropin

256
Q

TSH stimulate the proliferation of Tg synthesizing cuboidal cells of thyroid follicles. Thus an excess TSH will cause enlarged thyroid or..

257
Q

Stress also triggers CRH release

258
Q

Hypertension, hypokalemic alkalosis are found in excess/deficient ACTH

A

Excess ACTH (Cushing’s disease)

259
Q

Hypotension, hyperkalemic acidosis are found in excess/deficient ACTH

A

Deficient ACTH (Addison’s disease)

260
Q

Incrd Skin pigmentation may occur in Addison’s disease if

A

The disease is not of pituitary origin

261
Q

Inhibin in males is produced by what cell and cause decrease/increase FSH or LH

A

Inhibin in males is produced by Sertoli cells which decreases FSH

262
Q

Inhibin in females is produced by what cell and cause decrease/increase FSH or LH

A

Inhibin in females is produced by corpus luteum and causes decrease in FSH and LH

263
Q

LH in male stimulates ___ produced by ___ cell

A

Testosterone stimulation by leydig cells

264
Q

LH in female stimulates ___ produces what hormone

A

Follicle Ovulation and maturation into corpus luteum

Produces estrogen and progesterone

265
Q

FSH in male stimulates ___ produced by ___ cell

A

Facilitates spermatogenesis

Produced by Sertoli cells

266
Q

FSH in female stimulates ___ produces what hormone.

A

Follicular growth

Produces estradiol

Med Prep (52 decks)

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