microbio - Protozoa Flashcards by zarieh Novela

When exposed to new environments (such as temperature changes, transit down the intestinal tract, or chemical agents), the protozoa can secrete a protective coat and shrink into a round armored form, called

Cyst

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Protozoa ingests solid pieces of food thru a small mouth called

Cytostome

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Trophozoite and cyst, which is infective?

Cysts

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Following ingestion cyst converts back into the motile form, called the…

trophozoite

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Buffalo-skin or Dyak skin ulcers

Entamoeba hystolitica

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Swiss cheese appearance on degeneration

Entamoeba hystolitica

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Flask-shaped ulcer

Entamoeba hystolitica

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Positive ingested Rbc

Entamoeba hystolitica

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Infective stage of entamoeba hystolitica to man

Cyst

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Intestinal Protozoa that causes bloody diarrhea

Entamoeba hystolitica

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Causes dysentery, amoebic colitis and liver abscess (anchovy paste)

Entamoeba hystolitica

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Treatment for acute amebic colitis (by Entamoeba hystolitica)

Metronidazole

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Campers frequently develop this protozoan infection after drinking from clear untreated mountain stream

Giardia lamblia

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Motility of gardia lamblia

Falling leaf motility

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Falling leaf motility

Gardia lamblia

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Diagnostic test for giardia lamblia

String test

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Most common site of gardia lamblia infection.

Upper part of small intestine

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Has axonemes

Giardia lamblia

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Villous atrophy - malabsorption

Lactose intolerance

Giardia lamblia

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Giardia lamblia infection often manifests malodorous stool packed with fats.

Since giardia lamblia does NOT invade the intestinal walls, there is NO blood in the stool

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Strawberry cervix

Trichomonas vaginalis

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T or F: males can have trichomoniasis

True. Usually asymptomatic

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Flagellated trophozoite

Giardia lamblia

Trichomonas vaginalis

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Flagellated protozoan

Trichomonas vaginalis

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Treatment for trichomoniasis

Metronidazole

Culture for trichomonas

Modified thioglycolate medium

Causes tartar teeth

Trichomonas tenax

Trichomonas that is commensal

Trichomonas tenax

Free living meningitis-causing amoeba that lives in freshwater and moist soil.

Naegleria fowleri | Acanthamoeba

Rapidly progressing meningoencephalitis in immunocompetent persons

Naegleria fowleri

Slow granulomatous infection and Meningitis in immunocompromised persons

Acanthamoeba

Culture for acanthamoeba

Culbertson's medium

Swimming in freshwater

Naegleria fowleri

Parasites found more commonly in AIDS

Pneumocystis jiroveci (MC) Toxoplasma gondi Cryptosporidium

Obligate intracellular parasite (Protozoa)

Toxoplasma gondii

Transmission of toxoplasma Gondi

Ingestion of infected raw meats or food contaminated with cat feces

Infective stage of toxoplasma gondii

Trophozoite

Toxoplasma is one of the transplacentally acquired TORCHES organisms that can cross bpb. Pregnant women should avoid cats.

Just a note

Causes paraventricular calcification and encephalomyelitis

Toxoplasma gondii

Treatment for toxoplasma gondii infection

Pyrimethamine + trisulfapyrimidine

Stain of pneumocystis jiroveci

Silver stain

Fungal infection (previously protozoa) common in AIDS

Pneumocystis jiroveci

Treatment for pneumocystis jiroveci

Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole

Most common site of cryptosporidiosis

Jejunum

Acid fast oocysts

Cryptosporidium parvum

Cryptosporidium parvum, when ingested as a round oocyst contains ___sporozoites

4 sporozoites

Malaria is a febrile disease caused by 4 different Protozoa:

Plasmodium vivax Plasmodium falciparum Plasmodium ovale Plasmodium malariae

Infective stage of plasmodium in man

Sporozoites

Infective stage of plasmodium in mosquito

Gametocyte

Vector of malaria

Anopheles mosquito

Malaria life cycle

1. Pe-erythrocytic cycle - from anopheles, sporozoites is injected to human bloodstream to liver. SPOROZOITE becomes TROPOZOITE, then undergoes nuclear division forming SCHIZONTS then cytoplasmic membrane division forming MEROZOITE resulting to liver cell bursting. 2. Exo-erythrocytic cycle - reinfects liver and repeat cycle 3. Erythrocytic cycle - enters Rbc (instead of liver cells)

Plasmodium grows in (liver,Rbc) while reproduce in (liver,Rbc)

Plasmodium grows in liver while reproduce in RBC

Incubation period of plasmodium

2-4 weeks

Plasmodium merozoite invades only reticulocyte

P.vivax and ovale

Benign tertian malaria

P. vivax (and ovale)

Vivax and ovale burst loose every..

48 hrs (tertian malaria)

Quotidian fever

P.vivax

Merozoite invades all ages of RBC

P. Falciparum

Aestivoautumnal, malignant tertian or sub tertian malaria | Bursts loose irregularly

P.falciparum

Algid malaria

P.flaciparum

Sausage- shaped gametocyte

P.falciparum

Quartan malaria

P.malaria

P.malaria bursts loose every

72 hrs (quartan malaria)

Ziemann's stipling

P.malariae

Plasmodium merozoite invades senescent RBC

P.malariae

P.vivax and ovale has a dormant form called

Hypnozoite

Hypnozoite can only be found in what species of plasmodium

P.vivax and ovale

Treatment for malaria

Chloroquine (vivax, ovale, malariae) Primaquine (vivax, ovale) Mefloquine (chloroquine-resistant)

Vector of babesia sp.

Ixodes sp.

Trophozoite of this organism asexually bud and divide into 4 merozoites that stick together, forming a cross or x-shaped TETRAD ( MALTESE CROSS)

Babesia sp.

TETRAD of babesia sp,

Maltese cross

Blood-borne flagellates

Leishmania | Trypanosoma

Vector of leishmania donovani

Phlebotomus sandfly

Infective stage of leishmania donovani in man

Promastigote (flagellated motile form)

Clinical form of leishmaniasis caused by L.donovani.

Visceral leishmaniasis

Manifestation in visceral leishmaniasis

Massive Splenomegaly

Kala-agar (black sickness)

Leishmania donovani

Dum dum fever

Leishmania donovani

Diagnostic test for leishmania

Montenegro skin test

Vector of trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense

Tse tse fly

East African sleeping sickness

Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense

Winter button sign (posterior lymphadenopathy)

Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense

Positive kerandel's sign (excruciating pain after minor soft-tissue injury, e.g. in palms and ulnar region.)

Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense

Hemoflagellate ( lives in the bld stream) kinetoplast (mass of mito DNA lying close to the nucleus) Undulating membrane

Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense | Trypanosoma cruzi

American trypanosoma

Trypanosoma cruzi

Chagas disease

Trypanosoma cruzi

Vector of trypanosoma cruzi

Panstrongylus megistus / reduviid bug / kissing bug | Feces

Manifestation on acute chagas disease

Chagoma - erythematous induration area

Manifestation in chronic chagas disease

Mega esophagus and mega colon | Chagasic cardiopathy

Infective stage of trypanosoma cruzi in man

Metacyclic trypomastigote

Diagnostic test of chagas disease

Machado-Guerreiro Test

Positive Romanas sign (edema lower eyelid with conjunctivitis Positive intracellular amastigote stage

Trypanosoma cruzi

This sensitive diagnostic test is conducted where 40 lab-grown reduviid bugs are allowed to feed on the patient, and 1 month later the bug's intestinal contents are examined for the parasite.

Xenodiagnosis

Treatment for chagas disease

Nitrofurfurylidine derivative - nifurtimox

Glycogen vacuoles

Iodomoeba butschlii

Shepherds crook

Chliomastix mesnili

The only ciliated protozoan that causes human disease - diarrhea

Balantidium coli

Balantidium coli causes

Diarrhea

The largest pathogenic Protozoa found in the intestine

Balantidium coli

Treatment for Balantidium coli infection

Iodoquinol

Commonly infects recto-sigmoid large intestine

Amebiasis

Common site of infection in amebiasis

Recto-sigmoid large intestine

Blood mucoid stools (+) tenesmus : Painful spasm of the anal sphincter along with an urgent desire to defecate without the significant production of feces

Amebiasis

Culture for amoeba

Boeck and Drbohlav's Locke-Egg serum medium

Diagnostic test for entamoeba and trichomonas

Diamond medium

Diagnostic test for cryptosporidium

Sheather's sugar flotation

Diagnostic test for cyclospora

KOH

Diagnostic test for microsporidium

Ryan's trichrome blue stain