1. Death 2. Transformation - oncogene

microbio - viruses Flashcards by zarieh Novela

True or false : genetic material of viruses may be both DNA and RNA.

False. Never both

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Protein coat of viruses

Capsid

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Type of RNA virus which are like mRNA, they are immediately translated by the host’s ribosome into protein

Positive sense RNA virus

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Type of RNA virus which should be transcribed first into positive sense RNA virus.

Negative sense RNA virus

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RNA virus has this enzyme for synthesis.

RNA-dependent RNA polymerase

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Type of RNA virus that is transcribed in reverse fashion into DNA

Retrovirus

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Retrovirus has this required enzyme for synthesis

Reverse transcriptase

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Building block of capsid

Capsomer

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DNA virus

HHAPPPy , PHP AHP
Parvovirus
Hepadnavirus
Papovavirus
Adenovirus
Herpes virus
Poxvirus

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RNA virus

PCR TCORPR
picornavirus
Calicivirus
Reovirus
Toga virus
Corona virus
Orthomyxovirus
Rhabdovirus
Paramyxovirus
Retrovirus

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All DNA virus are double stranded, except…

Parvovirus

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All DNA virus have icosahedral capsid, except…

Pox virus

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All DNA virus replicates in nucleus, except…

Pox virus which replicates in cytoplasm

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All DNA virus have linear DNA, except…

Papovavirus

Hepadnavirus

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All RNA virus are SIngle stranded, except…

Rotavirus

Reovirus

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Segmental viruses

BORA
bunyavirus
Orthomyxovirus
Reovirus
Arenavirus

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All RNA virus are enveloped, except…

PCR
Picornavirus
Calicivirus
Reovirus

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All RNA virus have helical capsid symmetry, except…

PCRFT, R
Picornavirus 
Calicivirus
Reovirus
Flavivirus
Togavirus 
Rhabdovirus - bullet-shaped

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All RNA virus replicates in cytoplasm, except…

Retrovirus

Orthomyxovirus

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Steps of viral replication

Adsorption and penetration
Uncoating
Synthesis and assembly of viral products
Release of virions from host cell (by lysis or by budding)

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Host cell outcome

Death

2. Transformation - oncogene

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Positive sense RNA virus

PCCRaFT 
Picornavirus 
Calicivirus 
Coronavirus
Reovirus
Flavivirus
Togavirus

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Negative sense RNA viruses

"Always Bring Polymerase Or Fail Replication"
Arenavirus
Bunyavirus
Paramyxovirus 
Orthomyxovirus
Filovirus
Rhabdovirus

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Non defective parvovirus strain

B19 virus

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Smallest virus

Picornavirus, parvovirus

Disease caused by b19 virus of parvovirus with characteristic "slapped cheek" rash.

Erythema infectiosum

Diseases caused by b19 strain of parvovirus

Erythema infectiosum | Transient aplastic anemia crisis

Disease caused by parvovirus which ensues when the virus stops the production of RBCs in the bone marrow

Transient aplastic anemia crisis

Parvovirus that requires helper virus to replicate | (+) and (-) strand DNA are carried on separate particles

Defective parvovirus

What are the papovaviruses?

Papillomavirus (HPV) Polyomavirus Vacuolating viruses (SV40)

Papovavirus that causes warts

HPV

HPV type that causes common warts | e.g. Verucca plantaris, skin warts

HPV type 1, 2, 4 and 7

HPV type that causes genital warts

HPV type 6,11,16,18

HPV type that causes laryngeal warts

HPV type 6,11

HPV type that causes verucca vulgaris and condylomata accuminata (hallmark: koilocytes)

HPV type 6,11

HPV type that causes cervical cancer

HPV type 16,18

Papovavirus Polyomavirus that causes mild and ASYMPTOMATIC infection in children. Also seen from immunosuppressive kidney transplant patients and HPV.

BK polyomavirus

Papovavirus Polyomavirus that causes Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) characterized by degenerative cns white matter disease

JC polyomavirus

Chemical treatment for genital warts

Podophyllin

HPV genes implicated in carcinogenesis

E6, E7 genes

DNA virus that causes childhood URTI such as rhinitis, sore throat, fever and conjunctivitis, and the epidemic keratoconjunctivitis (pink eye)

Adenovirus

causes the epidemic keratoconjunctivitis.

Adenovirus type 8

DNA virus which is circular and ds. The complete strand not covalently closed circle and other strand is missing approximately 25% of its length

Hepadnavirus

Herpes viruses

Herpes simplex virus type 1 and 2 HSV Varicella-zoster virus VZV cytomegalovirus CMV Epstein-Barr virus EBV

Alpha group herpes virus

HSV-1 HSV-2 VZV

Beta group herpesvirus

CMV, HSV-6

Gamma group herpesvirus

EBV, HSV-8

Herpesvirus causes this type of infection where in the virus migrates up to the nerves to sensory ganglia and reside there. It will be activated in peripheral skin

Latency

Herpesviruses has this effect, especially HSV 1&2, and VZV. This results in separation of epithelium and causes blisters.

Cytopathic effect - cause cell destruction

Diseases caused by HSV 1

Gingivostomatitis Encephalitis Keratoconjunctivitis Herpes labialis

Primary infection of HSV 1

Gingivostomatitis - painful group of vesicles on the lips and mouth, which ulcerate and has usually without leaving a scar. Often accompanied by fever and viral symptoms

Recurrent infection of HSV 1

Herpes labialis (fever blisters,cold sore)

Mode of transmission of HSV-1

Direct contact of mucus membrane

HSV 1 latency in ...

Trigeminal ganglia

HSV type lesions above the waist

HSV 1

HSV type lesions below the waist

HSV 2

Diseases caused by HSV 2

Genital herpes Neonatal herpes Aseptic meningitis in neonates

HSV 2 latency in ...

Lumbar or sacral sensory ganglia

Disease caused by HSV 6

Roseola infantum (6th disease, exanthem subitum)

Characteristic appearance in roseola

Nagayama spots - in uvopalatoglossal junction

HSV 6 transmission

Transmitted by saliva

HSV 8 transmission

Sexually transmitted especially in homosexual men

Disease caused by HSV 8

Kaposi's sarcoma Castleman's disease (lympho proliferative disorder) Primary effusion lymphoma

TORCHES can cross blood-placental barrier

``` Toxoplasmosis Rubella CMV Herpes, HIV Syphilis ```

Diagnostic preparation in isolating HSV

Tzanck smear, cowdry A

Varicella is highly contagious. It causes what disease?

Chickenpox

Incubation period of chickenpox

10-21 days

Characteristic appearance of the vesicle rash in chickenpox

Dew drop lesion on the top of a rose petal

Recurrence of VZV leads to what disease?

Shingles - painful eruption of vesicles isolated in a single dermatome. The vesicles dry up and form crusts which disappears in about 3wks.

Re activation to zoster from...

Dorsal root ganglia

Treatment fro HSV 1&2 and VZV

Acyclovir

CMV infection recurrence in immunocompromised patients, especially AIDS patient.

CMV retinitis

CMV infection recurrence in immunocompromised patients, especially bone marrow transplant patients

CMV pneumonitis

Hematologic hallmark in CMV

Owl's eye inclusion

Herpesvirus that cause infectious mononucleosis

EBV

Treatment for CMV infection

Ganciclovir

Largest virus

Poxvirus

DNA virus that has brick-like appearance

Poxvirus

Diseases caused by poxvirus

Smallpox | Molluscum contagiosum - small white bumps with central dimple (like wart). Often found in genital region.

Vaccine for poxvirus

Vaccinia virus - an avirulent pox virus

RNA viruses that cause common cold.

Coronavirus and rhinovirus (picornavirus)

Picornaviruses

Enterovirus: poliovirus, coxsackie A&B, echovirus, hepatitis A Rhinovirus

Arthropod borne viruses (arbovirus)

Togavirus Flavivirus Bunyavirus

Togavirus that is not arbovirus

Rubivirus

Bunyavirus that is not arbovirus

Hantavirus

RNA viruses that cause gastroenteritis

Rotavirus (reovirus) | Calicivirus

RNA virus that causes rabies

Rhabdovirus

Caliciviruses

Norwalk virus | Hepatitis E

Reoviruses

Respiratory, Enteric, Orphan

Most common viral cause of infant diarrhea

Rotavirus

Diseases caused by flavivirus

``` Yellow fever Dengue fever Japanese encephalitis St. Louis encephalitis West Nile encephalitis Hepatitis c ```

Also known as break bone fever

Dengue fever

Togaviruses

Alpha virus: WEE VEE EEE Rubivirus

RNA virus that cause rubella (German measles/ 3-day measles)

Rubivirus

Vaccine for rubella

MMR vaccine Measles Mumps Rubella

Retroviruses

Oncovirus | Lentivirus

Aka slow virus

Lentivirus

Orthomyxovirus

Influenza virus (a,b,c)

Virulence factor / glycoproteins of Orthomyxovirus

Hemagglutinin (HA) | Neuraminidase (NA)

Glycoprotein that binds with sialic acid, often found in the surface of RBC.

Glycoprotein the breaks down neuraminic acid, an important component of mucin

Disease caused by influenza virus

Flu fever

Influenza A infects..

Human and animals

Influenza B and C infects...

Human only

Complication of influenza virus infection

Secondary bacterial pneumonia in elderly | Reye's syndrome: children who use aspirin and get liver and brain disease

Do not give aspirin in children for fever,. You give what?

Acetaminophen

Influenza a treatment

Amantadine and rimantidine

Rimantadine and amantadine action

Prevents viral un coating in influenza A

Neuraminidase inhibitors that can shorten course of influenza A and B infection

Zanamivir (inhaled) | Oseltamivir (oral)

Small mutations resulting in minor changes in the antigenicity of NA or HA. This results in epidemics go the common flu.

Antigenic drift

Only occurs in inflenza A because of trading of RNA segments between animals and human strains. It is a reassortment, a major changes of the HA and NA resulting in devastating influenza pandemics.

Antigenic shift

Most common viral encephalitis in the Philippines

Japanese encephalitis

Japanese encephalitis vector

Culex mosquitoes

Dengue fever is a biphasic fever. What is its vector

Aedes mosquitoes

Paramyxoviruses

Parainfluenza virus RSV Mumps virus Measles virus (rubeola)

Difference between Orthomyxovirus and paramyxovirus

Combined HA and NA Glycoprotein (wherein in Orthomyxovirus they are separate) Has fusion protein (F protein)

Protein found in paramyxovirus that results in multinucleated giant cells (called syncytial cells)

F protein

Paramyxovirus that only has HA and F protein

Measles (rubeola)

The koplik's spot in measles occur after 1-2days of prodrome. It is small red based blue-white centered lesions in the mouth found specifically in..

Opposite the 2nd upper molar

Recurrent infection of measles after 2 years

Subacute sclerosing para encephalitis (SSPE)

Diseases caused by mumps virus

Parotitis Orchitis (in post pubertal male Meningitis Encephalitis

Disease caused by parainfluenza virus characterized by strider and barking cough due to infection and swelling of larynx

Croup

Paramyxovirus that has no HA and NA

RSV

Most common viral cause of infant pneumonia

RSV

Eosinophilic intracytoplasmic inclusion in rabies virus

Negri bodies

Focal micro glial nodules in rabies

Babes nodules

Hydrophobia and foaming of mouth in rabies is due to

Laryngospasm

Disease that travels to the cns in a retrograde fashion up to the nerve axon

Rhabdovirus

Filoviruses

Ebola virus | Marburg virus

Filovirus that cause mucus membrane bleeding (hemorrhagic fever)

Ebola virus

Most common cause of common cold

Rhinovirus

Rhinovirus is acid-labile or acid-stable?

Acid-labile

Rhinovirus replicates better in what temperature

33 degrees centigrade

Virus that cause common cold and has prominent halo and spikes

Coronavirus

Arenaviruses

Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCM) | Lassa virus

RNA virus that contains nonfunctional ribosomes on its surface.

Arenavirus

Diseases caused by bunyavirus

Encephalitis Korean hemorrhagic fever Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome Muerto canyon virus

RNA virus that cannot replicate without hepa B

Deltavirus

Family of hepa A virus

Picornavirus

Family of hepa B virus

Hepadnavirus

Family of hepa C virus

Flavivirus

Family of hepa D virus

Deltavirus

Family of hepa E virus

Calicivirus

Family of hepa G virus

Flavivirus

Entire infectious unit

Virion

Envelope is acquired from

Budding

Wheel-shape appearance

Rotavirus

Sandy appearance

Arenavirus

Small infectious agents that cause diseases of plants.

Viroids

Infectious particles composed solely of protein with no detectable nucleic acid.

Prion

T or F: Icosahedral viruses tend to be stable, losing little infectivity after several hours at 37 °C.

True

Enveloped viruses are heat labile

True

Phase of viral growth cycle where in soon after interaction with a host cell, the infecting virion is disrupted and its measurable infectivity is lost.

Eclipse period

physical separation of the viral nucleic acid from the outer structural components of the virion so that it can function.

Uncoating

Virus particle that is functionally deficient in some aspect for replication

Defective virus

Steps in viral pathogenesis

1. Viral entry 2. Primary viral replication 3. Viral spread 4. Cellular injury 5. Host immune responses 6. Viral clearance 7. Viral shedding

Diagnosis for parvovirus

PCR

Mode of transmission of HSV-2

Sexually transmitted

Host-coded proteins that are member of cytokines and which inhibits viral replication.

Interferon (IFN)

Type I or viral IFN

IFN alpha and beta

type II or immune interferon

IFN Gamma

T or F: IFN does not protect virus-infected cell and not itself the antiviral agent

True

Coxsackie A or B: | In mice, it causes paralysis and death with extensive skeletal muscle necrosis

Coxsackie A

Coxsackie A or B: | In mice, it causes paralysis and death with multiple organ damage

Coxsackie B

Diseases caused by coxsackie A

Herpangina - fever, sore throat and small red-based vesicles over the back of the patient's throat Hand-foot-and-mouth disease

Diseases caused by coxsackie B3 and B5

Devil's eye Myocarditis and pericarditis Pleurodynia (Bornholm's disease)

Most important antigen of EBV

Viral capsid antigen (VCA)

Hematologic hallmark of Monocucleosis

Atypical lymphocytes

Mononucleosis is a dse of young adults. As with viral infections, the lower the socioeconomic class, the earlier children are indeed and the milder disease. American teenagers living in high socioeconomic class with better sanitation are infected later in life through social contact such as kissing. Thus the reference to kissing's disease. What virus causes this?

EBV

Major target cell of EBV

B lymphocytes, binding to C3d receptor

Diseases caused by EBV

BHINK Burkitt's lymphoma: B cell lympho affecting children in central Africa Hodgkin's disease : lymphoma characterized by arising in a single node or chain of nodes, spreading in anatomically contagious nodes Infectious mononucleosis Nasopharyngeal carcinoma Kissing's disease

Diagnostic tests for EBV

Paul-bundle test Heterophil antibody test (positive by 2wks of illness) Monospot test

Hepatitis that is asymptomatic, alone and acute

Hepatitis A

Hepatitis that is blood-borne, big, bad, body-fluid

Hepatitis B

Hepatitis that is chronic, cirrhosis, carcinoma and carrier

Hepatitis C

Hepatitis that is defective and dependent to hepatitis B

Hepatitis D

Hepatitis that enteric and for expectant mother

Hepatitis E

Hepatitis that only carries DNA polymerase within the virion

Hepatitis B

T or F: acute viral hepatitis never becomes chronic in hepatitis A

True

Transmission of hepatitis A and E

Fecal-oral route

Transmission of Hepatitis B, C, D

Blood transfusion Needle stick Sexual Across placenta

Incubation of Hepatitis A

14-45 days

Incubation of hepatitis B

50-180 days

Hepatitis that may cause hepatocellular carcinoma

Hepatitis B and C

Intact virus of hepatitis B

Dane particle

Disassociation of Dane particles leaves..

HBcAg and HBsAg

Antigen found within nuclei of infected hepatocytes

HBcAg

Soluble component of HBcAg and a markers of active disease and highly infectious

HBeAg

Australian antigen

Hepatitis B

Transfusion hepatitis

Hepatitis C

Enteric hepatitis C

Hepatitis E

Appears during early acute phase and disappears before HBcAg is gone

Hep B 37 Ag (HBeAg)

Xanthochromic CSF is a finding in ...

Herpes encephalitis

Intranuclear inclusion bodies seen in herpes encephalitis

Cowdry A

Kluver-bucy syndrome

Herpes encephalitis

Causes adult acute t-cell leukemia and tropical spastic paraparesis (partial paralysis of lower limb)

Human T lymphotrophic virus type 1 (HTLV-1)

Catarrhal

Measles virus

Incubation of mumps virus

18-21 days

Mumps virus has only one antigenic type. Therefore, the MMR vaccine is protective. What is the antigen?

"S" soluble antigen

T or F: maternal antibody against mumps virus provide protection during 6months of life

True

Transmission of poliovirus

Fecal-oral transmission

Treatment for poliovirus

Pleconaril - inhibits penetration Salk vaccine - formalin-killed poliovirus injected subQ Sabin vaccine (OPV) - attenuated polio virus is ingested

Polio virus initially replicated in the tonsils and Peyer's patches, spreading to the blood, and across cns barrier to the (anterior,posterior) horn of the spinal cord.

Anterior horn cells

Incubation period of poliovirus

7-14 days or 3-35days

Intranuclear inclusion bodies seen in poliovirus infection

Cowdry B

Most common poliomyelitis

Abortive poliomyelitis

Non paralytic polio

Aseptic meningitis

Diseases caused by poliovirus

Mild flu-like illness Nonparalytic poliomyelitis: Aseptic meningitis Paralytic poliomyelitis

Infectious RNA | Hamstring Myalgia

Poliovirus

Bronchiolitis

RSV

Forscheimer spots

Rubella virus

Poxvirus that is Completely eradicated worldwide

Variola virus

Vector of yellow fever virus

Aedes mosquito

Characterized by high fever, black vomitus, jaundice

Yellow fever

Intranuclear inclusion bodies seen in yellow fever virus infection

Councilman bodies - acidophilic inclusion

Most frequent cause of viral (aseptic) meningitis

Mumps virus Coxsackie Echovirus

Prion disease

Kuru Gerstmann-straussler disease Prion (13-3-3 protein)

Cannibalism-related prion disease

Kuru "shivering"

Autosomal dominant prion disease | Supranuclear gaze palsy

Gerstmann- straussler disease

Creutzfieldt-Jakob syndrome Heidenheim dementia 90% die in 1year Corneal transplant

Prion (13-3-3 protein)