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microbio - viruses Flashcards

0
Q

True or false : genetic material of viruses may be both DNA and RNA.

A

False. Never both

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1
Q

Protein coat of viruses

A

Capsid

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2
Q

Type of RNA virus which are like mRNA, they are immediately translated by the host’s ribosome into protein

A

Positive sense RNA virus

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3
Q

Type of RNA virus which should be transcribed first into positive sense RNA virus.

A

Negative sense RNA virus

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4
Q

RNA virus has this enzyme for synthesis.

A

RNA-dependent RNA polymerase

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5
Q

Type of RNA virus that is transcribed in reverse fashion into DNA

A

Retrovirus

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6
Q

Retrovirus has this required enzyme for synthesis

A

Reverse transcriptase

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7
Q

Building block of capsid

A

Capsomer

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8
Q

DNA virus

A 
HHAPPPy , PHP AHP
Parvovirus
Hepadnavirus
Papovavirus
Adenovirus
Herpes virus
Poxvirus
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9
Q

RNA virus

A 
PCR TCORPR
picornavirus
Calicivirus
Reovirus
Toga virus
Corona virus
Orthomyxovirus
Rhabdovirus
Paramyxovirus
Retrovirus
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10
Q

All DNA virus are double stranded, except…

A

Parvovirus

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11
Q

All DNA virus have icosahedral capsid, except…

A

Pox virus

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12
Q

All DNA virus replicates in nucleus, except…

A

Pox virus which replicates in cytoplasm

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13
Q

All DNA virus have linear DNA, except…

A

Papovavirus

Hepadnavirus

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14
Q

All RNA virus are SIngle stranded, except…

A

Rotavirus

Reovirus

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15
Q

Segmental viruses

A 
BORA
bunyavirus
Orthomyxovirus
Reovirus
Arenavirus
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16
Q

All RNA virus are enveloped, except…

A

PCR
Picornavirus
Calicivirus
Reovirus

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17
Q

All RNA virus have helical capsid symmetry, except…

A 
PCRFT, R
Picornavirus 
Calicivirus
Reovirus
Flavivirus
Togavirus 
Rhabdovirus - bullet-shaped
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18
Q

All RNA virus replicates in cytoplasm, except…

A

Retrovirus

Orthomyxovirus

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19
Q

Steps of viral replication

A
  1. Adsorption and penetration
  2. Uncoating
  3. Synthesis and assembly of viral products
  4. Release of virions from host cell (by lysis or by budding)
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20
Q

Host cell outcome

A
  1. Death

2. Transformation - oncogene

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21
Q

Positive sense RNA virus

A 
PCCRaFT 
Picornavirus 
Calicivirus 
Coronavirus
Reovirus
Flavivirus
Togavirus
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22
Q

Negative sense RNA viruses

A 
"Always Bring Polymerase Or Fail Replication"
Arenavirus
Bunyavirus
Paramyxovirus 
Orthomyxovirus
Filovirus
Rhabdovirus
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23
Q

Non defective parvovirus strain

A

B19 virus

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24
Q

Smallest virus

A

Picornavirus, parvovirus

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25
Q

Disease caused by b19 virus of parvovirus with characteristic “slapped cheek” rash.

A

Erythema infectiosum

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26
Q

Diseases caused by b19 strain of parvovirus

A

Erythema infectiosum

Transient aplastic anemia crisis

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27
Q

Disease caused by parvovirus which ensues when the virus stops the production of RBCs in the bone marrow

A

Transient aplastic anemia crisis

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28
Q

Parvovirus that requires helper virus to replicate

(+) and (-) strand DNA are carried on separate particles

A

Defective parvovirus

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29
Q

What are the papovaviruses?

A

Papillomavirus (HPV)
Polyomavirus
Vacuolating viruses (SV40)

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30
Q

Papovavirus that causes warts

A

HPV

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31
Q

HPV type that causes common warts

e.g. Verucca plantaris, skin warts

A

HPV type 1, 2, 4 and 7

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32
Q

HPV type that causes genital warts

A

HPV type 6,11,16,18

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33
Q

HPV type that causes laryngeal warts

A

HPV type 6,11

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34
Q

HPV type that causes verucca vulgaris and condylomata accuminata (hallmark: koilocytes)

A

HPV type 6,11

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35
Q

HPV type that causes cervical cancer

A

HPV type 16,18

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36
Q

Papovavirus
Polyomavirus that causes mild and ASYMPTOMATIC infection in children. Also seen from immunosuppressive kidney transplant patients and HPV.

A

BK polyomavirus

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37
Q

Papovavirus
Polyomavirus that causes Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) characterized by degenerative cns white matter disease

A

JC polyomavirus

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38
Q

Chemical treatment for genital warts

A

Podophyllin

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39
Q

HPV genes implicated in carcinogenesis

A

E6, E7 genes

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40
Q

DNA virus that causes childhood URTI such as rhinitis, sore throat, fever and conjunctivitis, and the epidemic keratoconjunctivitis (pink eye)

A

Adenovirus

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41
Q

causes the epidemic keratoconjunctivitis.

A

Adenovirus type 8

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42
Q

DNA virus which is circular and ds. The complete strand not covalently closed circle and other strand is missing approximately 25% of its length

A

Hepadnavirus

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43
Q

Herpes viruses

A

Herpes simplex virus type 1 and 2 HSV
Varicella-zoster virus VZV
cytomegalovirus CMV
Epstein-Barr virus EBV

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44
Q

Alpha group herpes virus

A

HSV-1
HSV-2
VZV

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45
Q

Beta group herpesvirus

A

CMV, HSV-6

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46
Q

Gamma group herpesvirus

A

EBV, HSV-8

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47
Q

Herpesvirus causes this type of infection where in the virus migrates up to the nerves to sensory ganglia and reside there. It will be activated in peripheral skin

A

Latency

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48
Q

Herpesviruses has this effect, especially HSV 1&2, and VZV. This results in separation of epithelium and causes blisters.

A

Cytopathic effect - cause cell destruction

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49
Q

Diseases caused by HSV 1

A

Gingivostomatitis
Encephalitis
Keratoconjunctivitis
Herpes labialis

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50
Q

Primary infection of HSV 1

A

Gingivostomatitis - painful group of vesicles on the lips and mouth, which ulcerate and has usually without leaving a scar. Often accompanied by fever and viral symptoms

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51
Q

Recurrent infection of HSV 1

A

Herpes labialis (fever blisters,cold sore)

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52
Q

Mode of transmission of HSV-1

A

Direct contact of mucus membrane

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53
Q

HSV 1 latency in …

A

Trigeminal ganglia

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54
Q

HSV type lesions above the waist

A

HSV 1

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55
Q

HSV type lesions below the waist

A

HSV 2

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56
Q

Diseases caused by HSV 2

A

Genital herpes
Neonatal herpes
Aseptic meningitis in neonates

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57
Q

HSV 2 latency in …

A

Lumbar or sacral sensory ganglia

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58
Q

Disease caused by HSV 6

A

Roseola infantum (6th disease, exanthem subitum)

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59
Q

Characteristic appearance in roseola

A

Nagayama spots - in uvopalatoglossal junction

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60
Q

HSV 6 transmission

A

Transmitted by saliva

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61
Q

HSV 8 transmission

A

Sexually transmitted especially in homosexual men

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62
Q

Disease caused by HSV 8

A

Kaposi’s sarcoma
Castleman’s disease (lympho proliferative disorder)
Primary effusion lymphoma

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63
Q

TORCHES can cross blood-placental barrier

A 
Toxoplasmosis
Rubella
CMV
Herpes, HIV
Syphilis
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64
Q

Diagnostic preparation in isolating HSV

A

Tzanck smear, cowdry A

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65
Q

Varicella is highly contagious. It causes what disease?

A

Chickenpox

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66
Q

Incubation period of chickenpox

A

10-21 days

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67
Q

Characteristic appearance of the vesicle rash in chickenpox

A

Dew drop lesion on the top of a rose petal

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68
Q

Recurrence of VZV leads to what disease?

A

Shingles - painful eruption of vesicles isolated in a single dermatome. The vesicles dry up and form crusts which disappears in about 3wks.

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69
Q

Re activation to zoster from…

A

Dorsal root ganglia

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70
Q

Treatment fro HSV 1&2 and VZV

A

Acyclovir

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71
Q

CMV infection recurrence in immunocompromised patients, especially AIDS patient.

A

CMV retinitis

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72
Q

CMV infection recurrence in immunocompromised patients, especially bone marrow transplant patients

A

CMV pneumonitis

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73
Q

Hematologic hallmark in CMV

A

Owl’s eye inclusion

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74
Q

Herpesvirus that cause infectious mononucleosis

A

EBV

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75
Q

Treatment for CMV infection

A

Ganciclovir

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76
Q

Largest virus

A

Poxvirus

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77
Q

DNA virus that has brick-like appearance

A

Poxvirus

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78
Q

Diseases caused by poxvirus

A

Smallpox

Molluscum contagiosum - small white bumps with central dimple (like wart). Often found in genital region.

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79
Q

Vaccine for poxvirus

A

Vaccinia virus - an avirulent pox virus

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80
Q

RNA viruses that cause common cold.

A

Coronavirus and rhinovirus (picornavirus)

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81
Q

Picornaviruses

A

Enterovirus: poliovirus, coxsackie A&B, echovirus, hepatitis A
Rhinovirus

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82
Q

Arthropod borne viruses (arbovirus)

A

Togavirus
Flavivirus
Bunyavirus

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83
Q

Togavirus that is not arbovirus

A

Rubivirus

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84
Q

Bunyavirus that is not arbovirus

A

Hantavirus

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85
Q

RNA viruses that cause gastroenteritis

A

Rotavirus (reovirus)

Calicivirus

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86
Q

RNA virus that causes rabies

A

Rhabdovirus

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87
Q

Caliciviruses

A

Norwalk virus

Hepatitis E

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88
Q

Reoviruses

A

Respiratory, Enteric, Orphan

89
Q

Most common viral cause of infant diarrhea

A

Rotavirus

90
Q

Diseases caused by flavivirus

A 
Yellow fever
Dengue fever
Japanese encephalitis
St. Louis encephalitis
West Nile encephalitis
Hepatitis c
91
Q

Also known as break bone fever

A

Dengue fever

92
Q

Togaviruses

A

Alpha virus:
WEE
VEE
EEE

Rubivirus

93
Q

RNA virus that cause rubella (German measles/ 3-day measles)

A

Rubivirus

94
Q

Vaccine for rubella

A

MMR vaccine
Measles
Mumps
Rubella

95
Q

Retroviruses

A

Oncovirus

Lentivirus

96
Q

Aka slow virus

A

Lentivirus

97
Q

Orthomyxovirus

A

Influenza virus (a,b,c)

98
Q

Virulence factor / glycoproteins of Orthomyxovirus

A

Hemagglutinin (HA)

Neuraminidase (NA)

99
Q

Glycoprotein that binds with sialic acid, often found in the surface of RBC.

A

HA

100
Q

Glycoprotein the breaks down neuraminic acid, an important component of mucin

A

NA

101
Q

Disease caused by influenza virus

A

Flu fever

102
Q

Influenza A infects..

A

Human and animals

103
Q

Influenza B and C infects…

A

Human only

104
Q

Complication of influenza virus infection

A

Secondary bacterial pneumonia in elderly

Reye’s syndrome: children who use aspirin and get liver and brain disease

105
Q

Do not give aspirin in children for fever,. You give what?

A

Acetaminophen

106
Q

Influenza a treatment

A

Amantadine and rimantidine

107
Q

Rimantadine and amantadine action

A

Prevents viral un coating in influenza A

108
Q

Neuraminidase inhibitors that can shorten course of influenza A and B infection

A

Zanamivir (inhaled)

Oseltamivir (oral)

109
Q

Small mutations resulting in minor changes in the antigenicity of NA or HA. This results in epidemics go the common flu.

A

Antigenic drift

110
Q

Only occurs in inflenza A because of trading of RNA segments between animals and human strains. It is a reassortment, a major changes of the HA and NA resulting in devastating influenza pandemics.

A

Antigenic shift

111
Q

Most common viral encephalitis in the Philippines

A

Japanese encephalitis

112
Q

Japanese encephalitis vector

A

Culex mosquitoes

113
Q

Dengue fever is a biphasic fever. What is its vector

A

Aedes mosquitoes

114
Q

Paramyxoviruses

A

Parainfluenza virus
RSV
Mumps virus
Measles virus (rubeola)

115
Q

Difference between Orthomyxovirus and paramyxovirus

A

Combined HA and NA Glycoprotein (wherein in Orthomyxovirus they are separate)
Has fusion protein (F protein)

116
Q

Protein found in paramyxovirus that results in multinucleated giant cells (called syncytial cells)

A

F protein

117
Q

Paramyxovirus that only has HA and F protein

A

Measles (rubeola)

118
Q

The koplik’s spot in measles occur after 1-2days of prodrome. It is small red based blue-white centered lesions in the mouth found specifically in..

A

Opposite the 2nd upper molar

119
Q

Recurrent infection of measles after 2 years

A

Subacute sclerosing para encephalitis (SSPE)

120
Q

Diseases caused by mumps virus

A

Parotitis
Orchitis (in post pubertal male
Meningitis
Encephalitis

121
Q

Disease caused by parainfluenza virus characterized by strider and barking cough due to infection and swelling of larynx

A

Croup

122
Q

Paramyxovirus that has no HA and NA

A

RSV

123
Q

Most common viral cause of infant pneumonia

A

RSV

124
Q

Eosinophilic intracytoplasmic inclusion in rabies virus

A

Negri bodies

125
Q

Focal micro glial nodules in rabies

A

Babes nodules

126
Q

Hydrophobia and foaming of mouth in rabies is due to

A

Laryngospasm

127
Q

Disease that travels to the cns in a retrograde fashion up to the nerve axon

A

Rhabdovirus

128
Q

Filoviruses

A

Ebola virus

Marburg virus

129
Q

Filovirus that cause mucus membrane bleeding (hemorrhagic fever)

A

Ebola virus

130
Q

Most common cause of common cold

A

Rhinovirus

131
Q

Rhinovirus is acid-labile or acid-stable?

A

Acid-labile

132
Q

Rhinovirus replicates better in what temperature

A

33 degrees centigrade

133
Q

Virus that cause common cold and has prominent halo and spikes

A

Coronavirus

134
Q

Arenaviruses

A

Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCM)

Lassa virus

135
Q

RNA virus that contains nonfunctional ribosomes on its surface.

A

Arenavirus

136
Q

Diseases caused by bunyavirus

A

Encephalitis
Korean hemorrhagic fever
Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome
Muerto canyon virus

137
Q

RNA virus that cannot replicate without hepa B

A

Deltavirus

138
Q

Family of hepa A virus

A

Picornavirus

139
Q

Family of hepa B virus

A

Hepadnavirus

140
Q

Family of hepa C virus

A

Flavivirus

141
Q

Family of hepa D virus

A

Deltavirus

142
Q

Family of hepa E virus

A

Calicivirus

143
Q

Family of hepa G virus

A

Flavivirus

144
Q

Entire infectious unit

A

Virion

145
Q

Envelope is acquired from

A

Budding

146
Q

Wheel-shape appearance

A

Rotavirus

147
Q

Sandy appearance

A

Arenavirus

148
Q

Small infectious agents that cause diseases of plants.

A

Viroids

149
Q

Infectious particles composed solely of protein with no detectable nucleic acid.

A

Prion

150
Q

T or F: Icosahedral viruses tend to be stable, losing little infectivity after several hours at 37 °C.

A

True

151
Q

Enveloped viruses are heat labile

A

True

152
Q

Phase of viral growth cycle where in soon after interaction with a host cell, the infecting virion is disrupted and its measurable infectivity is lost.

A

Eclipse period

153
Q

physical separation of the viral nucleic acid from the outer structural components of the virion so that it can function.

A

Uncoating

154
Q

Virus particle that is functionally deficient in some aspect for replication

A

Defective virus

155
Q

Steps in viral pathogenesis

A
  1. Viral entry
  2. Primary viral replication
  3. Viral spread
  4. Cellular injury
  5. Host immune responses
  6. Viral clearance
  7. Viral shedding
156
Q

Diagnosis for parvovirus

A

PCR

157
Q

Mode of transmission of HSV-2

A

Sexually transmitted

158
Q

Host-coded proteins that are member of cytokines and which inhibits viral replication.

A

Interferon (IFN)

159
Q

Type I or viral IFN

A

IFN alpha and beta

160
Q

type II or immune interferon

A

IFN Gamma

161
Q

T or F: IFN does not protect virus-infected cell and not itself the antiviral agent

A

True

162
Q

Coxsackie A or B:

In mice, it causes paralysis and death with extensive skeletal muscle necrosis

A

Coxsackie A

163
Q

Coxsackie A or B:

In mice, it causes paralysis and death with multiple organ damage

A

Coxsackie B

164
Q

Diseases caused by coxsackie A

A

Herpangina - fever, sore throat and small red-based vesicles over the back of the patient’s throat
Hand-foot-and-mouth disease

165
Q

Diseases caused by coxsackie B3 and B5

A

Devil’s eye
Myocarditis and pericarditis
Pleurodynia (Bornholm’s disease)

166
Q

Most important antigen of EBV

A

Viral capsid antigen (VCA)

167
Q

Hematologic hallmark of Monocucleosis

A

Atypical lymphocytes

168
Q

Mononucleosis is a dse of young adults. As with viral infections, the lower the socioeconomic class, the earlier children are indeed and the milder disease. American teenagers living in high socioeconomic class with better sanitation are infected later in life through social contact such as kissing. Thus the reference to kissing’s disease. What virus causes this?

A

EBV

169
Q

Major target cell of EBV

A

B lymphocytes, binding to C3d receptor

170
Q

Diseases caused by EBV

A

BHINK
Burkitt’s lymphoma: B cell lympho affecting children in central Africa
Hodgkin’s disease : lymphoma characterized by arising in a single node or chain of nodes, spreading in anatomically contagious nodes
Infectious mononucleosis
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma
Kissing’s disease

171
Q

Diagnostic tests for EBV

A

Paul-bundle test
Heterophil antibody test (positive by 2wks of illness)
Monospot test

172
Q

Hepatitis that is asymptomatic, alone and acute

A

Hepatitis A

173
Q

Hepatitis that is blood-borne, big, bad, body-fluid

A

Hepatitis B

174
Q

Hepatitis that is chronic, cirrhosis, carcinoma and carrier

A

Hepatitis C

175
Q

Hepatitis that is defective and dependent to hepatitis B

A

Hepatitis D

176
Q

Hepatitis that enteric and for expectant mother

A

Hepatitis E

177
Q

Hepatitis that only carries DNA polymerase within the virion

A

Hepatitis B

178
Q

T or F: acute viral hepatitis never becomes chronic in hepatitis A

A

True

179
Q

Transmission of hepatitis A and E

A

Fecal-oral route

180
Q

Transmission of Hepatitis B, C, D

A

Blood transfusion
Needle stick
Sexual
Across placenta

181
Q

Incubation of Hepatitis A

A

14-45 days

182
Q

Incubation of hepatitis B

A

50-180 days

183
Q

Hepatitis that may cause hepatocellular carcinoma

A

Hepatitis B and C

184
Q

Intact virus of hepatitis B

A

Dane particle

185
Q

Disassociation of Dane particles leaves..

A

HBcAg and HBsAg

186
Q

Antigen found within nuclei of infected hepatocytes

A

HBcAg

187
Q

Soluble component of HBcAg and a markers of active disease and highly infectious

A

HBeAg

188
Q

Australian antigen

A

Hepatitis B

189
Q

Transfusion hepatitis

A

Hepatitis C

190
Q

Enteric hepatitis C

A

Hepatitis E

191
Q

Appears during early acute phase and disappears before HBcAg is gone

A

Hep B 37 Ag (HBeAg)

192
Q

Xanthochromic CSF is a finding in …

A

Herpes encephalitis

193
Q

Intranuclear inclusion bodies seen in herpes encephalitis

A

Cowdry A

194
Q

Kluver-bucy syndrome

A

Herpes encephalitis

195
Q

Causes adult acute t-cell leukemia and tropical spastic paraparesis (partial paralysis of lower limb)

A

Human T lymphotrophic virus type 1 (HTLV-1)

196
Q

Catarrhal

A

Measles virus

197
Q

Incubation of mumps virus

A

18-21 days

198
Q

Mumps virus has only one antigenic type. Therefore, the MMR vaccine is protective. What is the antigen?

A

“S” soluble antigen

199
Q

T or F: maternal antibody against mumps virus provide protection during 6months of life

A

True

200
Q

Transmission of poliovirus

A

Fecal-oral transmission

201
Q

Treatment for poliovirus

A

Pleconaril - inhibits penetration
Salk vaccine - formalin-killed poliovirus injected subQ
Sabin vaccine (OPV) - attenuated polio virus is ingested

202
Q

Polio virus initially replicated in the tonsils and Peyer’s patches, spreading to the blood, and across cns barrier to the (anterior,posterior) horn of the spinal cord.

A

Anterior horn cells

203
Q

Incubation period of poliovirus

A

7-14 days or 3-35days

204
Q

Intranuclear inclusion bodies seen in poliovirus infection

A

Cowdry B

205
Q

Most common poliomyelitis

A

Abortive poliomyelitis

206
Q

Non paralytic polio

A

Aseptic meningitis

207
Q

Diseases caused by poliovirus

A

Mild flu-like illness
Nonparalytic poliomyelitis: Aseptic meningitis
Paralytic poliomyelitis

208
Q

Infectious RNA

Hamstring Myalgia

A

Poliovirus

209
Q

Bronchiolitis

A

RSV

210
Q

Forscheimer spots

A

Rubella virus

211
Q

Poxvirus that is Completely eradicated worldwide

A

Variola virus

212
Q

Vector of yellow fever virus

A

Aedes mosquito

213
Q

Characterized by high fever, black vomitus, jaundice

A

Yellow fever

214
Q

Intranuclear inclusion bodies seen in yellow fever virus infection

A

Councilman bodies - acidophilic inclusion

215
Q

Most frequent cause of viral (aseptic) meningitis

A

Mumps virus
Coxsackie
Echovirus

216
Q

Prion disease

A

Kuru
Gerstmann-straussler disease
Prion (13-3-3 protein)

217
Q

Cannibalism-related prion disease

A

Kuru “shivering”

218
Q

Autosomal dominant prion disease

Supranuclear gaze palsy

A

Gerstmann- straussler disease

219
Q

Creutzfieldt-Jakob syndrome
Heidenheim dementia
90% die in 1year
Corneal transplant

A

Prion (13-3-3 protein)

Med Prep (52 decks)

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