Microbio - all! Flashcards
Osteoperiostitis of the alveoli of the teeth
Secondary to gingivitis
Magitot’s disease
Blue pus
By pseudomonas aeruginosa
Charrin’s disease
Durand’s disease is caused by
Chlamydia trachomatis
Erythrasma is caused by
Corynebacterium minutissimum
Tuberculous pericarditis
Cirrhosis of the liver
Hutinel’s disease
Hutinel’s disease is caused by
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Lymphocytic choriomeningitis
Armstrong’s disease
Tyzzer’s disease is caused by
Bacillus pilliformis
Chromoblastomycosis
Cauliflower like lesion
Chromomycosis
Inflammation of tunica intima of cerebral arteries
Heubner’s disease
Self limited diarrhea
Un pasteurized milk and untreated well water
Brainered diarrhea
Phycomycosis, mucormycosis
Zygomycosis
Epidermodysplasia verruciformis
Red-violet lesions
Tendency to become malignant
Lewandowsky lutz disease
Maduramycosis
Madura foot
Mycetoma
Infectious ecematoid dermatitis
Engman’s disease
Fourth disease
Duke’s disease
Echinococcus multilocularis larvae infection
Hydatid disease, alveolar
Sepsis of cirrhotic patient
Oyster ingestion
Vibrio vulnificus
Chromomycosis is caused by …
Phialophora verrucosa, fonsecaea pedrosoi and
Clasposporium carrioni
Prion disease
Mad cow disease
Degenerative brain disorder
Bovine spongiform encephalopathy
Rapidly progressive septicemia
Puncture wound from Fish spine
Fish-slime disease
Diamond skin disease is caused by…
Strep pyogenes
Lethargic encephalitis
Economo’s disease
Endartritis obliterans
Friedlander’s disease
Vesicles on penis or vagina
Durand’s disease
Brown-symmers disease is an acute encephalitis. What are the viral pathogens that causes this?
Rabies Rubella Mumps Measles Influenza
Echinococcus granulosus infection
Hydatid disease, unilocular
Acute miliary TB of larynx and pharynx
Isambert’s disease
Duke’s disease is caused by…
Coxsackie and echovirus
Erysipelothrix insidiosa
Meat and fish handlers
Erysepeloid
Osteochondritic separation of epiphyses due to syphilis
Wegner’s disease
Transmission of armstrong’s disease
Food or dust contaminated by rodents
Rheumatic endocarditis
Delayed sequel for pharyngeal infection by group B strep
Boulilauds disease
Engman’s disease is caused by
Staph
Mycetoma is caused by
Allescheria boydii or actinomycetales
Polymorphous skin eruption
Etiology unknown
Habermann’s disease
Congenital syphilis
By treponema pallidum
Duboi’s disease
Superficial bacterial skin infection
Erythrasma
Syphylitic disease of the bursa
By treponema pallidum
Verneuil’s disease
Liver and intestine necrosis
Contact with rodents or dogs
Tyzzer’s disease
Armstrongs’s disease is caused by
Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus LCM of arena virus
Swine erysipelas
Acute febrile vascular disease
Diamond-skin disease
Economo’s disease is caused by
Neurotropic virus
Diseases caused by coxsackie B3 and B5
Devil’s eye
Myocarditis and pericarditis
Pleurodynia (Bornholm’s disease)
Rimantadine and amantadine action
Prevents viral un coating in influenza A
CMV infection recurrence in immunocompromised patients, especially AIDS patient.
CMV retinitis
Re activation to zoster from…
Dorsal root ganglia
Incubation period of chickenpox
10-21 days
Glycoprotein the breaks down neuraminic acid, an important component of mucin
NA
Prion disease
Kuru
Gerstmann-straussler disease
Prion (13-3-3 protein)
Positive sense RNA virus
PCCRaFT Picornavirus Calicivirus Coronavirus Reovirus Flavivirus Togavirus
Most common viral encephalitis in the Philippines
Japanese encephalitis
Negative sense RNA viruses
"Always Bring Polymerase Or Fail Replication" Arenavirus Bunyavirus Paramyxovirus Orthomyxovirus Filovirus Rhabdovirus
Diagnosis for parvovirus
PCR
Primary infection of HSV 1
Gingivostomatitis - painful group of vesicles on the lips and mouth, which ulcerate and has usually without leaving a scar. Often accompanied by fever and viral symptoms
Family of hepa D virus
Deltavirus
Type of RNA virus which are like mRNA, they are immediately translated by the host’s ribosome into protein
Positive sense RNA virus
Diagnostic preparation in isolating HSV
Tzanck smear, cowdry A
Coxsackie A or B:
In mice, it causes paralysis and death with multiple organ damage
Coxsackie B
Diseases caused by poliovirus
Mild flu-like illness
Nonparalytic poliomyelitis: Aseptic meningitis
Paralytic poliomyelitis
Hepatitis that is chronic, cirrhosis, carcinoma and carrier
Hepatitis C
Protein found in paramyxovirus that results in multinucleated giant cells (called syncytial cells)
F protein
Non defective parvovirus strain
B19 virus
Reoviruses
Respiratory, Enteric, Orphan
Transfusion hepatitis
Hepatitis C
Kluver-bucy syndrome
Herpes encephalitis
Polio virus initially replicated in the tonsils and Peyer’s patches, spreading to the blood, and across cns barrier to the (anterior,posterior) horn of the spinal cord.
Anterior horn cells
Intact virus of hepatitis B
Dane particle
Hepatitis that may cause hepatocellular carcinoma
Hepatitis B and C
All RNA virus are SIngle stranded, except…
Rotavirus
Reovirus
Disease caused by parvovirus which ensues when the virus stops the production of RBCs in the bone marrow
Transient aplastic anemia crisis
Transmission of poliovirus
Fecal-oral transmission
Rhinovirus is acid-labile or acid-stable?
Acid-labile
Also known as break bone fever
Dengue fever
Treatment for CMV infection
Ganciclovir
Caliciviruses
Norwalk virus
Hepatitis E
Type of RNA virus that is transcribed in reverse fashion into DNA
Retrovirus
Most common cause of common cold
Rhinovirus
Papovavirus
Polyomavirus that causes mild and ASYMPTOMATIC infection in children. Also seen from immunosuppressive kidney transplant patients and HPV.
BK polyomavirus
RNA virus has this enzyme for synthesis.
RNA-dependent RNA polymerase
Building block of capsid
Capsomer
Herpesvirus that cause infectious mononucleosis
EBV
RNA viruses that cause gastroenteritis
Rotavirus (reovirus)
Calicivirus
Causes adult acute t-cell leukemia and tropical spastic paraparesis (partial paralysis of lower limb)
Human T lymphotrophic virus type 1 (HTLV-1)
Retrovirus has this required enzyme for synthesis
Reverse transcriptase
Virus that cause common cold and has prominent halo and spikes
Coronavirus
TORCHES can cross blood-placental barrier
Toxoplasmosis Rubella CMV Herpes, HIV Syphilis
Most frequent cause of viral (aseptic) meningitis
Mumps virus
Coxsackie
Echovirus
Intranuclear inclusion bodies seen in yellow fever virus infection
Councilman bodies - acidophilic inclusion
Most important antigen of EBV
Viral capsid antigen (VCA)
Diseases caused by HSV 1
Gingivostomatitis
Encephalitis
Keratoconjunctivitis
Herpes labialis
Largest virus
Poxvirus
Poxvirus that is Completely eradicated worldwide
Variola virus
Type of RNA virus which should be transcribed first into positive sense RNA virus.
Negative sense RNA virus
Bronchiolitis
RSV
Infectious RNA
Hamstring Myalgia
Poliovirus
Influenza B and C infects…
Human only
HPV genes implicated in carcinogenesis
E6, E7 genes
Non paralytic polio
Aseptic meningitis
Australian antigen
Hepatitis B
True or false : genetic material of viruses may be both DNA and RNA.
False. Never both
Intranuclear inclusion bodies seen in poliovirus infection
Cowdry B
Aka slow virus
Lentivirus
Only occurs in inflenza A because of trading of RNA segments between animals and human strains. It is a reassortment, a major changes of the HA and NA resulting in devastating influenza pandemics.
Antigenic shift
Difference between Orthomyxovirus and paramyxovirus
Combined HA and NA Glycoprotein (wherein in Orthomyxovirus they are separate)
Has fusion protein (F protein)
Treatment for poliovirus
Pleconaril - inhibits penetration
Salk vaccine - formalin-killed poliovirus injected subQ
Sabin vaccine (OPV) - attenuated polio virus is ingested
Small mutations resulting in minor changes in the antigenicity of NA or HA. This results in epidemics go the common flu.
Antigenic drift
HSV 8 transmission
Sexually transmitted especially in homosexual men
Influenza A infects..
Human and animals
physical separation of the viral nucleic acid from the outer structural components of the virion so that it can function.
Uncoating
Disease caused by b19 virus of parvovirus with characteristic “slapped cheek” rash.
Erythema infectiosum
Diseases caused by poxvirus
Smallpox
Molluscum contagiosum - small white bumps with central dimple (like wart). Often found in genital region.
Gamma group herpesvirus
EBV, HSV-8
Catarrhal
Measles virus
Recurrence of VZV leads to what disease?
Shingles - painful eruption of vesicles isolated in a single dermatome. The vesicles dry up and form crusts which disappears in about 3wks.
All DNA virus have linear DNA, except…
Papovavirus
Hepadnavirus
Entire infectious unit
Virion
Steps of viral replication
- Adsorption and penetration
- Uncoating
- Synthesis and assembly of viral products
- Release of virions from host cell (by lysis or by budding)
Most common viral cause of infant pneumonia
RSV
T or F: acute viral hepatitis never becomes chronic in hepatitis A
True
All RNA virus are enveloped, except…
PCR
Picornavirus
Calicivirus
Reovirus
Characteristic appearance of the vesicle rash in chickenpox
Dew drop lesion on the top of a rose petal
Herpesvirus causes this type of infection where in the virus migrates up to the nerves to sensory ganglia and reside there. It will be activated in peripheral skin
Latency
Focal micro glial nodules in rabies
Babes nodules
Arenaviruses
Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCM)
Lassa virus
Arthropod borne viruses (arbovirus)
Togavirus
Flavivirus
Bunyavirus
Dengue fever is a biphasic fever. What is its vector
Aedes mosquitoes
T or F: IFN does not protect virus-infected cell and not itself the antiviral agent
True
Forscheimer spots
Rubella virus
All DNA virus have icosahedral capsid, except…
Pox virus
Family of hepa G virus
Flavivirus
Enteric hepatitis C
Hepatitis E
Family of hepa C virus
Flavivirus
Type I or viral IFN
IFN alpha and beta
Most common poliomyelitis
Abortive poliomyelitis
Rhinovirus replicates better in what temperature
33 degrees centigrade
Steps in viral pathogenesis
- Viral entry
- Primary viral replication
- Viral spread
- Cellular injury
- Host immune responses
- Viral clearance
- Viral shedding
Papovavirus
Polyomavirus that causes Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) characterized by degenerative cns white matter disease
JC polyomavirus
Varicella is highly contagious. It causes what disease?
Chickenpox
DNA virus which is circular and ds. The complete strand not covalently closed circle and other strand is missing approximately 25% of its length
Hepadnavirus
Virulence factor / glycoproteins of Orthomyxovirus
Hemagglutinin (HA)
Neuraminidase (NA)
type II or immune interferon
IFN Gamma
Papovavirus that causes warts
HPV
HPV type that causes verucca vulgaris and condylomata accuminata (hallmark: koilocytes)
HPV type 6,11
causes the epidemic keratoconjunctivitis.
Adenovirus type 8
Diseases caused by coxsackie A
Herpangina - fever, sore throat and small red-based vesicles over the back of the patient’s throat
Hand-foot-and-mouth disease
Family of hepa B virus
Hepadnavirus
Most common viral cause of infant diarrhea
Rotavirus
Chemical treatment for genital warts
Podophyllin
Retroviruses
Oncovirus
Lentivirus
Diagnostic tests for EBV
Paul-bundle test
Heterophil antibody test (positive by 2wks of illness)
Monospot test
Infectious particles composed solely of protein with no detectable nucleic acid.
Prion
Diseases caused by bunyavirus
Encephalitis
Korean hemorrhagic fever
Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome
Muerto canyon virus
Xanthochromic CSF is a finding in …
Herpes encephalitis
HSV 6 transmission
Transmitted by saliva
Envelope is acquired from
Budding
Creutzfieldt-Jakob syndrome
Heidenheim dementia
90% die in 1year
Corneal transplant
Prion (13-3-3 protein)
Beta group herpesvirus
CMV, HSV-6
HSV 2 latency in …
Lumbar or sacral sensory ganglia
Alpha group herpes virus
HSV-1
HSV-2
VZV
HPV type that causes common warts
e.g. Verucca plantaris, skin warts
HPV type 1, 2, 4 and 7
Appears during early acute phase and disappears before HBcAg is gone
Hep B 37 Ag (HBeAg)
Influenza a treatment
Amantadine and rimantidine
Picornaviruses
Enterovirus: poliovirus, coxsackie A&B, echovirus, hepatitis A
Rhinovirus
Hydrophobia and foaming of mouth in rabies is due to
Laryngospasm
Vaccine for poxvirus
Vaccinia virus - an avirulent pox virus
Small infectious agents that cause diseases of plants.
Viroids
Do not give aspirin in children for fever,. You give what?
Acetaminophen
Diseases caused by HSV 2
Genital herpes
Neonatal herpes
Aseptic meningitis in neonates
Characteristic appearance in roseola
Nagayama spots - in uvopalatoglossal junction
HSV type lesions below the waist
HSV 2
All DNA virus are double stranded, except…
Parvovirus
Paramyxoviruses
Parainfluenza virus
RSV
Mumps virus
Measles virus (rubeola)
Japanese encephalitis vector
Culex mosquitoes
RNA virus
PCR TCORPR picornavirus Calicivirus Reovirus Toga virus Corona virus Orthomyxovirus Rhabdovirus Paramyxovirus Retrovirus
Mode of transmission of HSV-1
Direct contact of mucus membrane
All DNA virus replicates in nucleus, except…
Pox virus which replicates in cytoplasm
Hepatitis that enteric and for expectant mother
Hepatitis E
Paramyxovirus that has no HA and NA
RSV
Family of hepa E virus
Calicivirus
HSV 1 latency in …
Trigeminal ganglia
Incubation of Hepatitis A
14-45 days
Mumps virus has only one antigenic type. Therefore, the MMR vaccine is protective. What is the antigen?
“S” soluble antigen
Disease caused by parainfluenza virus characterized by strider and barking cough due to infection and swelling of larynx
Croup
Mononucleosis is a dse of young adults. As with viral infections, the lower the socioeconomic class, the earlier children are indeed and the milder disease. American teenagers living in high socioeconomic class with better sanitation are infected later in life through social contact such as kissing. Thus the reference to kissing’s disease. What virus causes this?
EBV
CMV infection recurrence in immunocompromised patients, especially bone marrow transplant patients
CMV pneumonitis
Filovirus that cause mucus membrane bleeding (hemorrhagic fever)
Ebola virus
Disease caused by HSV 8
Kaposi’s sarcoma
Castleman’s disease (lympho proliferative disorder)
Primary effusion lymphoma
RNA viruses that cause common cold.
Coronavirus and rhinovirus (picornavirus)
Herpesviruses has this effect, especially HSV 1&2, and VZV. This results in separation of epithelium and causes blisters.
Cytopathic effect - cause cell destruction
Transmission of hepatitis A and E
Fecal-oral route
HPV type that causes genital warts
HPV type 6,11,16,18
Hepatitis that only carries DNA polymerase within the virion
Hepatitis B
RNA virus that contains nonfunctional ribosomes on its surface.
Arenavirus
Treatment fro HSV 1&2 and VZV
Acyclovir
Smallest virus
Picornavirus, parvovirus
Characterized by high fever, black vomitus, jaundice
Yellow fever
Family of hepa A virus
Picornavirus
Hepatitis that is asymptomatic, alone and acute
Hepatitis A
Cannibalism-related prion disease
Kuru “shivering”
Coxsackie A or B:
In mice, it causes paralysis and death with extensive skeletal muscle necrosis
Coxsackie A
Wheel-shape appearance
Rotavirus
DNA virus
HHAPPPy , PHP AHP Parvovirus Hepadnavirus Papovavirus Adenovirus Herpes virus Poxvirus
Herpes viruses
Herpes simplex virus type 1 and 2 HSV
Varicella-zoster virus VZV
cytomegalovirus CMV
Epstein-Barr virus EBV
Enveloped viruses are heat labile
True
Paramyxovirus that only has HA and F protein
Measles (rubeola)
Disease caused by HSV 6
Roseola infantum (6th disease, exanthem subitum)
All RNA virus have helical capsid symmetry, except…
PCRFT, R Picornavirus Calicivirus Reovirus Flavivirus Togavirus Rhabdovirus - bullet-shaped
Host cell outcome
- Death
2. Transformation - oncogene
RNA virus that cannot replicate without hepa B
Deltavirus
Disassociation of Dane particles leaves..
HBcAg and HBsAg
Eosinophilic intracytoplasmic inclusion in rabies virus
Negri bodies
HPV type that causes cervical cancer
HPV type 16,18
Antigen found within nuclei of infected hepatocytes
HBcAg
Mode of transmission of HSV-2
Sexually transmitted
Incubation of hepatitis B
50-180 days
Diseases caused by b19 strain of parvovirus
Erythema infectiosum
Transient aplastic anemia crisis
Disease caused by influenza virus
Flu fever
Transmission of Hepatitis B, C, D
Blood transfusion
Needle stick
Sexual
Across placenta
RNA virus that causes rabies
Rhabdovirus
Major target cell of EBV
B lymphocytes, binding to C3d receptor
HSV type lesions above the waist
HSV 1
Recurrent infection of measles after 2 years
Subacute sclerosing para encephalitis (SSPE)
What are the papovaviruses?
Papillomavirus (HPV)
Polyomavirus
Vacuolating viruses (SV40)
Bunyavirus that is not arbovirus
Hantavirus
Filoviruses
Ebola virus
Marburg virus
Togavirus that is not arbovirus
Rubivirus
DNA virus that causes childhood URTI such as rhinitis, sore throat, fever and conjunctivitis, and the epidemic keratoconjunctivitis (pink eye)
Adenovirus
Recurrent infection of HSV 1
Herpes labialis (fever blisters,cold sore)
Hematologic hallmark of Monocucleosis
Atypical lymphocytes
Autosomal dominant prion disease
Supranuclear gaze palsy
Gerstmann- straussler disease
Virus particle that is functionally deficient in some aspect for replication
Defective virus
All RNA virus replicates in cytoplasm, except…
Retrovirus
Orthomyxovirus
Segmental viruses
BORA bunyavirus Orthomyxovirus Reovirus Arenavirus
Intranuclear inclusion bodies seen in herpes encephalitis
Cowdry A
RNA virus that cause rubella (German measles/ 3-day measles)
Rubivirus
Vector of yellow fever virus
Aedes mosquito
Glycoprotein that binds with sialic acid, often found in the surface of RBC.
HA
Vaccine for rubella
MMR vaccine
Measles
Mumps
Rubella
Host-coded proteins that are member of cytokines and which inhibits viral replication.
Interferon (IFN)
Hepatitis that is defective and dependent to hepatitis B
Hepatitis D
Protein coat of viruses
Capsid
Diseases caused by flavivirus
Yellow fever Dengue fever Japanese encephalitis St. Louis encephalitis West Nile encephalitis Hepatitis c
Orthomyxovirus
Influenza virus (a,b,c)
Togaviruses
Alpha virus:
WEE
VEE
EEE
Rubivirus
Neuraminidase inhibitors that can shorten course of influenza A and B infection
Zanamivir (inhaled)
Oseltamivir (oral)
Soluble component of HBcAg and a markers of active disease and highly infectious
HBeAg
HPV type that causes laryngeal warts
HPV type 6,11
Incubation period of poliovirus
7-14 days or 3-35days
Diseases caused by EBV
BHINK
Burkitt’s lymphoma: B cell lympho affecting children in central Africa
Hodgkin’s disease : lymphoma characterized by arising in a single node or chain of nodes, spreading in anatomically contagious nodes
Infectious mononucleosis
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma
Kissing’s disease
Phase of viral growth cycle where in soon after interaction with a host cell, the infecting virion is disrupted and its measurable infectivity is lost.
Eclipse period
Disease that travels to the cns in a retrograde fashion up to the nerve axon
Rhabdovirus
Parvovirus that requires helper virus to replicate
(+) and (-) strand DNA are carried on separate particles
Defective parvovirus
Complication of influenza virus infection
Secondary bacterial pneumonia in elderly
Reye’s syndrome: children who use aspirin and get liver and brain disease
Hematologic hallmark in CMV
Owl’s eye inclusion
Diseases caused by mumps virus
Parotitis
Orchitis (in post pubertal male
Meningitis
Encephalitis
T or F: maternal antibody against mumps virus provide protection during 6months of life
True
T or F: Icosahedral viruses tend to be stable, losing little infectivity after several hours at 37 °C.
True
Incubation of mumps virus
18-21 days
The koplik’s spot in measles occur after 1-2days of prodrome. It is small red based blue-white centered lesions in the mouth found specifically in..
Opposite the 2nd upper molar
DNA virus that has brick-like appearance
Poxvirus
Sandy appearance
Arenavirus
Hepatitis that is blood-borne, big, bad, body-fluid
Hepatitis B
Typical lesion of staph aureus
Abscess
Tetracycline inhibits what ribosomal unit?
30s
Growth media which is the source of AA and N (beef,yeast extracts)
An undefined medium because AA source contains variety of cmpds with the exact composition being unknown
Contains all the elements that most bacteria needed for growth and are non selective
Nutrient agar
Selective and differential bacterial media:
Thayer-Martin or New York City agar
Neisseria with area of normal flora
Selective and differential bacterial media:
Buffered charcoal-yeast extract (BCYE) agar
Legionella
Ribosome subunits of fungi, Protozoa, helminths, animals and humans
80s
Exotoxins that binds to MHC II receptors
Non specifically activates large number of T cells
Superantigen exotoxins
Examples of differential media
Blood agar Eosin methylene blue EMB MacConkey Mannitol salt agar MSA X-gal plates
Staph that causes UTI in sexually active women
2nd to e.coli
Staph saprophyticus
Tears, saliva, and mucus has natural antimicrobial property
This enzyme cleaves the peptidoglycan backbone by breaking GLYCOSYL BOND
Lysozyme
Strep pneumoniae is encapsulated thus exhibits what reaction
Quellung reaction
Reserve of high energy stored in the form POLYMERIZED METAPHOSPHATE.
Volutin granules
(-) peptidoglycan
(+) sterols
Eukaryotes
Treatment for strep saprophiticus
Quinolones
Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole
Enriched media in which nutritionally rich whole blood supplements is the basic nutrient.
Blood agar
Disease caused by staph epidermidis
IV catheter infections
Endocarditis on normal prosthetic heart valves
Requires living host cells for growth thus they are the only obligatory intracellular organism among bacteria
Rickettsia and chlamydia
Enterococci is resistant to vancomycin because of different cross-linking sequence in the cell wall of the bacteria
D-ala-lactate
Enzymes of beta hemolytic
Streptolysin o and S (hemolysin)
Processes of DNA transfer on bacteria
Conjugation, transformation, transduction
The energy for flagellar movement provided by ATP
Proton-motive force
Enriched media that contains heat-treated blood (40-45c) which turns brown
Chocolate agar
Differential media for lactose fermentation
Macconkey
Nutrient agar medium composition
Beef extract- 0.3g (mineral and carbo)
A membrane disrupting bacterial exotoxins which contain lecithinase showing a double zone of hemolysis.
Cl. Perfringens alpha toxin
Basis of the selective action of several antibiotics
Differences in ribosomal RNAs and proteins
Inclusion bodies formed when source of N, S, P are depleted and there is excess C
Poly beta hydroxybutyric acid (PHB acid)
Green zone, incomplete hemolysis
Alpha hemolytic
Growth at 4C
Y. Enterocolitica
L. Monocytogenes
Treatment for staph aureus
Prp
Vancomycin (if methicillin or nafcillin resistant)
Clindamycin
Nafcillin or cloxacillin (if beta lactamases resistant)
Backbone of peptidoglycan
Alternating n-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid molecules
Transfer of naked forms of DNA which occurs in same sp of bacteria
Transformation
Enzyme reaction that produces O2 + H + NADP
NADPH oxidase
Capsule of bacillus anthracis is not composed of polysaccharide, it is composed of..
Glutamic acid
Linear pcs of DNA
Exogenates
Murein or mucopeptide
Structural support and maintains the characteristic shape
Able to withstand media of low osmotic pressure
Peptidoglycan
Transport media that uses broth for strict anaerobes
Thioglycolate
Type minimal media the contains a single selected agent, usually AA or sugar.
This allows the culturing of specific lines of auxotrophic recombinants
Supplementary minimal media
Different types of media for growing different types of cell
Differential media Enriched media Nutrient media Transport media Selective media
Diseases caused by staph aureus (6)
Mastitis Blepharitis Cellulitis Osteomyelitis Food poisoning TSS
Spore-forming bacteria
Clostridium and bacillus
Flagellum-like structure that provides undulating motion for spirochetes
Axial filament
Normal flora of conjunctiva
Diptheroids, staph epidermidis and non hemolytic strep
Found in the outer layer of gram positive bacteria
Antigenic, induce ab that are SPECIES-SPECIFIC
mediates the adherence of staph to mucosal cells
Teichoic acid
Toxin of vibrio cholerae
Catalyzes ADP-ribosylation of Gs protein ECG activates adenylcyclase that produces high level of cAMP, thus increases water and acid secretion
Choleragen
Most common resident of upper respiratory tract
Alpha hemolytic strep and neisseria
A selective differential agar used to isolate and identify member of enterococcus
Bile esculine agar
Coagulase (-)
Staph epidermidis and staph saprophyticus
Selective and differential bacterial media:
Loeffler’s and tellurite medium
Corynebacterium diptheria
Growth media used for the growth of only selected microorganisms. An antibiotic (by which the selective microorganisms is resistant) is added to the medium in order to prevent other cells, which do not posses the resistance, from growing.
Selective media
Growth media that contains minimum nutrients possible for colony growth.
Often used to grow wild type microorganism.
Used to select or used against recombinants or exconjugants
Minimal media
Selective and differential bacterial media:
TCBS (alkaline medium)
Vibrio cholerae
Transport media for vibrio cholera
Venkat-ramakrishnan medium
Evasion of immediate host defense:
Listeria
Listeriolysin
Components of anthrax toxin
Protective Antigen (PA) that serves as B component Edema factor (EF) that activates adenylcyclase Lethal factor (LF) kills cell
Teichoic acid is a polymer of (2)
Glycosyl phosphate and ribitol phosphate
Complete cell wall lysozyme digestion
Protoplast
Membrane disrupting exotoxins
Pore-forming cytolysin
Is cell wall or cell membrane antigenic?
Yes
Examples of defined media
Nutrient agar medium
Peptone
Agar
Bacteria that grow well in tap and distilled water
Psedomonasl
Toxins of staph aureus and its manifestations
Enterotoxin: vomiting, watery and nonbloody diarrhea
TSST: asso with tampon use, superantigen
Exfoliatin: phage II staph, scalded skin syndrome, superantigen
Alpha toxin: skin necrosis
Inhibits enolase
Fluoride ion
Microaerophilic
Campylobacter, helicobacter
Strep pyogenes has what type of capsule
Hyluronic acid capsule
Bacteria that escapes macrophage and grow inside them
RuMBLeS Rickettsia mycobacteria Brucella listeria shigella
Responsible for toxic effects of endotoxins. Found in LPS in OM.
Lipid A
Spores can be destroyed this steam heating
Autoclaving at 121C for 30 min, psi of 15
Peptone composition
- 5g protein and N source
0. 5g NaCl as electrolyte
Site of beta-lactamases
Periplasmic space
Pore forming cytolysin
Alpha toxin by staph aureus
Colonize with further spread
Strep. Pneumoniae
Neisseria gonorrheae and meningitidis
H. Influenzae
Mediates the adherence and phage typing in staph aureus
Teichoic acid
Examples of nutrient media
Blood agar
Chocolate agar
Acid-fast bacteria
Mycobacterial
Neurotoxin of Cl. Tetani which act on cns, inhibiting the inhibitory transmitter GABA
Tetanospasmin
Transport media that has a non-nutrient soft agar gel containing a reducing agent to prevent oxidation, charcoal to neutralize
Stuart transport medium
Transfer of bacterial genes via phage vectors
Transduction
Homologous recombination requires what protein
Rec A protein
Partial cell wall lysozyme digestion
Spheroplast
Strep pyogene is sensitive to..
Bacitracin
(+) peptidoglycan
(-) sterols
Prokaryotes
Neurotoxin of Cl. Botulinum that acts on peripheral synapses, blocking the release of neurotransmitters
Botulinum toxin
Selective and differential bacterial media:
EMB or MacConkey
Enteric bacteria
Hemolytic activity of strep pneumoniae
Alpha hemolytic
Obligate anaerobes
Actinomyces
Bacteroides
Clostridium
Enzyme reaction that produces H2O + O2
Catalase
Bacterium that is an obligate parasite
Treponema PALLIDUM
(-) teichoic acid; endotoxins
Gram negative bacteria
Test in lancefield classification
Precipitin test
Selective and differential bacterial media:
Chocolate agar
Haemophilus and neisseria for sterile area
Involved in cross-linking
D-alanine
Superantigen exotoxins examples
Toxic shock syndrome toxin (TSST) by staph aureus
Strep pyogenes exotoxin A (SPE-A)
In what phase in bacterial growth cycle when there is nutrient depletion or toxic products slow down growth until the number of new cells produced balances the cells that die
(Living=death)
Stationary phase
Minimal media contains
Carbon source (succinate)
Salts (Mg, N, P)
Water
(+) teichoic acid; exotoxin
Gram positive
Bacteria reproduce by this process in which one parent cell divides to form 2 progeny cells
Binary fission
Bacteria that has thick peptidoglycan
Gram (+) bacteria
In what phase in bacterial growth cycle when there is a marked decline on the number of viable bacteria.
Death phase
They have chitin, which is a polymer of N-acetylglucosamine
Fungi
A-B toxin that inhibits protein synthesis (5)
Diptheria toxin Exotoxin A Shigella toxin Shigalike toxin Verotoxin
Differential media mannitol fermentation
Mannitol salt agar
Gelatinous layer covering the entire bacterium
Composed of polysaccharide
Capsule
No hemolysis
Gamma hemolytic
Differential media that is used in strep test, contains bovine heart blood that becomes transparent in the presence of hemolytic streptococcus
Blood agar
Evasion of immediate host defense:
Mycoplasma
Ciliastasis
It a liquid or gel designed to support the growth of microorganisms or cells.
Growth medium or culture medium
Staph epidermidis is the normal flora of…
Skin ans mucus membrane
Selective and differential bacterial media:
Regan-Lowe
Bordetella pertussis
Evasion of immediate host defense:
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Sulfolipids (sulfatides)
A single circular molecule of loosely organized DNA lacking a nuclear membrane and mitotic apparatus
Nucleiod
Obligate aerobes
Pseudomonas
Mycobacteirum
Component of exotoxin that binds to specific cell surface receptors and initiates internalization of the A component. It determines what cell type each toxin damages.
B component
What is the type of sex pili used for bacterial conjugation
Type VII
Treatment for staph epidermidis
Vancomycin
Produce igA protease
N. gonorrheae and meningitidis
H. Influenzae type B
Spores contains their own DNA
What structure Coats the spores?
Dipicolinic acid (calcium chelator)
Toxin of enterotoxic e.coli
Internalize A component to ADP-ribosylates Gs, which activates an adenylcyclase that produces high level of cAMP
Labile toxin
Strep pneumonia does not live in the presence of…
bile and optochin
Oxygen generates 2 toxic molecules
Hydrogen peroxide
Superoxide radicals
(+) sterols
Smallest bacteria
Mycoplasma
Mycoplasma genitalium (468 genes)
Bacteria infected by virus
Bacteriophage
Obligate intracellular pathogens
Mycobacterium leprae
Chlamydia
Mycoplasma
Peptidoglycan synthesis is inhibited by..
Penicillin and cephalosporin
Functions as the origin of the transverse septum that divides the cell on half and as the binding site of DNA bacterial ribosomes
Mesosome
Cross linking enzyme on the surface of bacteria which is targeted by beta-lactam antibiotics
Transpeptidase
Growth media that distinguishes one microorganism type to another.
This uses biochemical characteristics of the microorganism growing in the presence of specific nutrients or indicators
Differential or indicator media
Selective and differential bacterial media:
Hektoen enteric agar
Salmonella and shigella spa
One of the ways to visualize capsules, where it swells in the presence of homologous antibodies
Quellung reaction
A polysaccharide coating secreted by many bacteria
Adhere to various structures such as on the surface of teeth by strep.mutans
Glycocalyx or slime layer
Examples of transport media
Thioglycolate
Stuart transport medium
Venkat-ramakrishnan medium
They are determined by its rigid cell walls
Bacterial shape
Strep pyogenes causes what disease.
Pharyngitis
Replicate only within cells
Inner core of either DNA or RNA but no cytoplasm
Depends on host cells for protein synthesis and energy generation
Fast mutation
Virus
A-B toxin that inhibits protein synthesis:
Diptheria toxin
EF-2 inhibitor
Catalase (+)
Coagulase (+) forms golden yellow colonies
Mannitol (+)
Staph aureus
Component of exotoxin which internalize and inhibits a specific critical intracellular function causing damage to the cell. It is the active toxic portion of toxin
A component
Bacteria that invades the Peyer’s patches thru the phagocytic M cells
Shigella
Colonize with toxin elaboration
Corynebacterium diptheriae
Differential media for lac Operon mutants
X-gal plates
Mycobacteria is an acid fast bacteria, resisting decolorization with an acid alcohol after being stained by carbolfuchsin.
What component contributes to this property?
Mycolic acid
Exchange of two nearly identical pcs of DNA
Homologous recombination
Occurs when nutrients (c and n) are depleted
Sporulation
Staph aureus is a normal flora of..
Nose
Criteria of transport media (5)
1) temporary storage of specimens
2) maintains specimen’s viability without altering their conc
3) contains buffers and salt only
4) lacks C, N and other GF so as to prevent microbial multiplication
5) in isolating anaerobes, must be free from molecular oxygen
Lancet shape diplococci
Strep pneumoniae
Selective and differential bacterial media:
Lowenstein Jensen
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Transfer of DNA directly from one living bacterium to another.
Bacterial sex.
Major mechanism for transfer of antibiotic resistance.
Conjugation
Most common bacterial resident of large intestine
Bacteroides
Contains gene for toxins and antibiotic resistance
Plasmid
Prokaryotes, especially bacteria doesn’t have true nucleus, rather they have..
NUCLEOID
Staph epidermidis is ____ sensitive
Novobiocin
Enzyme reaction that produces ClO + H2O
Myeloperoxidase
Determined group of beta hemolytic strep
C carbo
4 phases of bacterial growth cycle
1) lag phase
2) log phase
3) stationary phase
4) death phase
Functions of capsule
Virulence
Identification
Adherence
Antigen in vaccine
A-B toxin that inhibits protein synthesis:
Shiga toxin
Of shigella dysenteriae type I
A component cleaves 60s ribosomes
In what phase in bacterial growth cycle occurs a vigorous metabolic activity where cells do not divide yet.
Lag phase
In what phase in bacterial growth cycle when there is rapid cell division
Log phase
Major determinant of growth of bacteria
Nutrients
D-ala-D-ala is targeted by what antibiotic?
Vancomycin
Highly resistant structures formed in response to adverse conditions
Spores
Bacteria that grows in amoeba in streams
Legionella
Clear zone, complete hemolysis
Beta hemolytic
Axial filament.
Counterclockwise rotation - ?
Clockwise rotation -?
Counterclockwise rotation - directed motion
Clockwise rotation - tumbling
Undefined medium (aka basal or complex medium) contains: (3)
- C source
- Water
- Various salts
Invagination of cytoplasmic membrane
Mesosome
A-B toxin that increase cAMP
Labile toxin
Anthrax toxin
Pertussis toxin
Choleragen
Differential media for lactose and sucrose fermentation
EMB
Toxin that inhibits Gi which is the negative regulator of adenylcyclase thru ADP ribosylation thus increasing cAMP
Pertussis toxin
Enzyme reaction that produces H2O2 + O2
Superoxide dismutase
Determined by orientation and degree of attachment of bacteria at the time of cell division
Bacterial arrangement
True or false: pathologic effects of endotoxins are similar irrespective of organism
True
transport enzyme and oxidative phosphorylation
Plasma membrane
Ribosome subunit of bacteria
70s (50s and 30s)
A-B toxin that inhibits protein synthesis:
Verotoxin
Of e.coli serotype O157:H7
Inactivates protein synthesis by removing adenine from the 28s rRNA
Causes bloody diarrhea
Most important virulence factor of streps
Provides type specific immunity
M protein
Growth media commonly used to harvest as many different types of microbes as are present in the specimen.
Contains nutrients required to support the growth of wide variety of organisms.
Nutrient media
Erythromycin inhibits what ribosomal subunit of bacteria?
Inhibits 50s
Evasion of immediate host defense:
N. gonorrheae
Capsule
Agar composition
1.5g solidifying agent
100ml distilled water
pH 7
Breaks down the beta 1->4 bonds between NAM and NAG
Lysozyme
Group a strep
Strep pyogenes
Cytokines that cause fever
TNF, IL-1, IL-6
Facultative anaerobes
Strep
E. coli
Strep pneumoniae produces this enzyme causing mucosal colonization
IgA protease
Single, covalently closed circle or a loop of double stranded DNA
Bacterial chromosome
Defined medium (aka chemically defined medium or synthetic medium) contains:
- All chemical used are known
2. No yeast, animal or plant tissue present
Major protein in the cell wall of staph aureus which binds to Fc portion of IgG
Protein A
Evasion of immediate host defense: Some gram (-)
Membrane activation (MAC) resistance
Entamoeba, trichomonas
Diamond medium
Cryptosporidium
Sheather’s sugar flotation
Microsporidia
Ryan’s trichrome blue stain
Trichinosis
Bemtonite floccukation test
Schistosoma
Kato’s thick smear method
Acanthamoeba
Culbertson’s medium
Enterobius, taenia egg
Cellophane tape swab
Onchocerca volvulus
Mazzotti test
Leishmania
Montenegro skin test
Eosinophilia in urine
Hansel’s stain
Amoeba
Boeck and Orbohlav’s Locke-Egg serum medium
Strongyloides
Baermann’s technique
Filter paper strip procedure
Agar plate method
Trypanosoma cruzi
Machado-Guerreiro test
Trichomonas
Modified thioglycolate medium
Cyclospora
KOH
Egg counting
Stoll’s technique
Child + peri orbital cellulitis + sinusitis + ear discharge
H. Influenzae
Meyers-Kouwenaar syndrome is a synonym for
Tropical pulmonary eosiophilia
Occult filariasis
Weingartner’s syndrome
Army barracks + flu like+ maculopapular rash + petechiae
Meningococcemia (n.meningitidis)
Toxin of v.cholerae and LT enterotoxic of E. coli are similar
B subunits of the toxin bind to GM1 receptors on the host cell
Travel + fever + jaundice + bleeding + neurologic signs
Fulminant malaria (p.falciparum)
Diarrhea + beef, poultry + legumes
Clostridium perfringens
Watery diarrhea + shellfish ingestion
Vibrio cholera
Thumbprint sign + epiglottis
H.influenzae
Cellulitis + exposure to fresh water
Aeromonas hydrophila
Outbreaks of respiratory infections every winter
RSV
Diagnosis of infective endocarditis
Duke criteria
Outbreaks of respiratory infections in hospitalized infants
RSV
Diarrhea + fried rice ingestion + china town
Bacillus cereus
Camping + tick bite + flu like + blanching macules
Rocky Mountain spotted fever (rickettsia rickettsii)
Facial or sphenoidal sinus infection + unilateral + retro-orbital headaches
Septic cavernous sinus thrombosis (staph)
Pale, greasy, malodorous stools with malabsorption after drinking untreated stream or lake water
Giardia lamblia
Aseptic meningitis + facial diplegia
Borrelia burgdoferi
Bloody diarrhea + salami + apple juice + raw veggies
EHEC
Un pasteurized milk + cabbage
Listeria monocytogenes
Indolent + culture negative + a febrile + endocarditis
Tropheryma whipplei
HIV + hypoxemia + CXR infiltrates
Pneumocystis jiroveci
Para nasal infection + fever + nuchal rigidity + brainstem signs
Subdural empyema (microaerophilic staph and strep)
Diarrhea+ ingestion of potato + egg salad + mayonnaise
Staph aureus
Major determinant of virulence in h.influenzae
Capsule
Painless genital ulcer
Primary syphilis
Travel to US (Oklahoma/Arkansas/Missouri) + wild rabbits + tabanid fly
Tularemia
Watery diarrhea + salads + cheese
ETEC
Hemorrhagic vesicles surrounded by a rim of erythema with central necrosis or ulceration
Erythema gangrenosum (p.aeruginosa and A.hydrophila)
Ethmoid or maxillary sinus infection + nuchal rigidity + brain stem signs
Septic thrombosis of the superior Sagittal sinus (s.pneumoniae)
“Bull neck” appearance + pseudomembrane
Diphtheria
Quinolones kill bacteria by
Inhibiting DNA gyrase
Most commons presenting sign of liver abscess
Fever
19yr old man develops fever, sore throat, malaise, headache, nausea, and rash on the lower parts of both is arms and legs
Rickettsia rickettsii
Dysentery + mollusks + crustaceans
Vibrio parahemolyticus
Unilateral/ bilateral parotid swelling + pain aggravate when drinking citrus juice
Mumps virus
Confers resistance to malaria
G6PD, hemoglobin C or E
Steeple sign + croup
Parainfluenza virus
Endocarditis + injection drug users + tricuspid valve
Staph aureus
Trauma/post-op incision + red, hot, shiny, swollen + exquisite tenderness
Necrotizing fasciitis (group A strep)
Transplant recipients + diabetes, elderly, Cancer patients + meningismus
Bacterial meningitis ( strep.pneumoniae)
Ingestion of shellfish + flu like + hypotension + bullous lesions + leg pain
Vibrio vulnificus
Travel to Europe + tick bite + flu-like + ecchymoses + petechiae
Babesia
Inflammatory diarrhea + poultry + raw milk
Campylobacter jejuni
Painful genital ulcers
Chancroid
Making more than one type of mRNA for the same piece of DNA (virus)
Shifting the reading frame
Puncture wound of the foot
P. aeruginosa
Necrotizing fasciitis that leaked into the perineal area causing massive swelling of scrotum of penis
Fourneir’s gangrene
New properties that a bacterium acquires as a result of expression of the integrated probated genes
Lysogenic conversion
Involved in the initial viral-specific phosphorylation of acyclovir
Thymidine kinase
Chemical treatment for genital warts
Podophyllin
Topical herpes keratitis but no effect on genital lesions
Vidarabine
Inhibits pox protein synthesis
Blocks translation of late mRNA
Methisazone
Efavirine inhibits ..
CYP2C9 and CYP2C19
For treatment-experienced HIV
Effective against HIV strains resistant to other drugs
Induced CYP3A4
Inhibits CYP2C9 and CYP2C19
Efavirine
Stavudine, zerit, d4T
Didehydro-dideoxythymidine
Injected intravitreally for treatment of CMV retinitis
Fomivirsen
NNRTI
Delavirdine
Efavirenz
Efavirine
Nevirapine
Virazole
Ribavirin
Prodrug of acyclovir?
Valacyclovir.
It has longer duration
Has longer half life than amantadine
Require no dosage adjustment in renal failure
Rimantadine
Ddl, ddc, d4T all cause this adverse effect
All Ds cause peripheral neuropathy
Mode of action of ganciclovir
Inhibits DNA polymerase of cmv and HSV
Chain termination
Dihydroxypropoxymethylguanine (DHPG)
Gancyclovir
Treatment for CMV infection
Ganciclovir
Do not give aspirin in children for fever,. You give what?
Acetaminophen
Major route of elimination of acyclovir
Renal excretion
Highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART)
1st line standard care
2 NRTI + 1 PI
Prodrug and oral prep of ganciclovir
Valgancyclovir
Host-coded proteins that are member of cytokines and which inhibits viral replication.
Interferon (IFN)
Has activity against HBV
Asso with fanconi’s syndrome
Tenofovir
Prophylaxis and treatment for ganciclovir-resistant strains
Foscarnet
Acyclovir triphosphate inhibits DNA synthesis by (2)
Competitive substrate for DNA polymerase
Chain termination
type II or immune interferon
IFN Gamma
Adenine arabinose, ara-A
Vidarabine
Blood levels decreased by antacids, phenytoin and rifampin
Increased by azole antifungals and macrolides
Teratogenic
Delavirdine
N-methylisatin - B-thiosemicarbozone
Methisazone
Adverse effect of ganciclovir
MaLTHuS Mucositis Leukopenia Thrombocytopenia Hepatic dysfunction Seizure
Primary adverse effect of azidothymidine
Bm suppression
NRTIs
Azidothymidine (zidovudine, AZT) Dideoxyinosine (didanosine, ddI) Dideoxycytidine (zalcitabine, ddC) Didehydro-dideoxythymidine (stavudine, d4T) Ribavirin (Virazole) Emtricitabine Methisazone (N-methylisatin B-thiosemocarbazone) Tenofivir Lamivudine (3TC)
Didanosine, videx, ddl
Dideoxyinosine
Does not require phosphorylation
Inhibits DNA and RNA polymerase and reverse transcriptase
Pyrophosphate analog
Foscarnet
NRTI or NNRTI:
Competitive inhibition of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase
Requires intracytoplasmic activation via phosphorylation
Activity against HIV-1 and HIV-2
NRTI
Thiazole-carboxamide moiety is substituted by aminoimidazole-carboxamide
Ribavirin
Another guanosine analog that does not cause chain termination
Penciclovir
Structural difference between nucleoside and nucelotide
Nucleotide has an attached phosphate group
It has an ability to persist in cells for long period of time increasing their potency
NRTI or NNRTI :
Binds directly to HIV-1 reverse transcriptase resulting in allosteric inhibition of RNA and DNA-dependent DNA polymerase.
Neither competes with nucleoside triphosphate s nor require phosphorylation to be active
No activity against HIV-2
NNRTI
NNRTI or NRTI
Do not need phosphorylation
Binds directly and incompetitively to reverse transcriptase
NNRTI
Neuraminidase inhibitors that can shorten course of influenza A and B infection
Zanamivir (inhaled)
Oseltamivir (oral)
T or F: IFN does not protect virus-infected cell and not itself the antiviral agent
True
Drug of choice for HSV-1 encephalitis
Acyclovir
1st protease inhibitor to be approved for treatment of HIV
Saquinavir
Included in HAART regimen
Effective against HBV infection by inhibiting DNA polymerase
Safely administered to patients with decompensated liver disease
Lamivudine (3TC)
Antisense oligonucleotide that binds to mRNA of CMV
Fomivirsen
Trisodium phosphonoformate, foscavir
Foscarnet
Treatment for AIDS patients resistant to azidothymidine
Dideoxyinosine
Adverse effects of foscarnet
Nephrotoxicity
Hypocalcemia
Hallucination
Seizures
Blood level of delavirdine is increased by …
Azole, antifungal and macrolides
Zidovudine, retrovir, AZT
Azidothymidine
Rimantadine and amantadine action
Prevents viral un coating in influenza A
Drug is metabolized to ddCTP to be active
Dideoxycytidine
Blood level of delavirdine is decreased by
Antacids, phenytoin and rifampin
Drug of choice for CMV retinitis
Gancyclovir
Zalcitabine, hivid, ddc
Dideoxycytidine
1st NNRTI to be approved for treating HIV infection
Nevirapine
Treatment for advance AIDS patients
Didehydro-dideoxythymidine
Drug is metabolized into ddATP to be active
Dideoxyinosine
Other name for rimantadine
Flumadine
Confers resistance to NRTIs
Pol genes
Primary adverse effect of dideoxyinosine
Pancreatitis
Peripheral neuropathy
Phsphorylated acyclovir is converted by thymidine kinase into…. which interferes with viral synthesis by acting as competitive substrate for DNA polymerase and chain termination
Acyclovir triphosphate
Drugs that inhibits NA synthesis
Acyclovir Ganciclovir Vidarabine Fomivirsen Foscarnet
Inhibits synthesis of guanine nucleotides
For RSV infection in children
Ribavirin
Treatment fro HSV 1&2 and VZV
Acyclovir
Has an adverse effect of nightmare and nausea
Efavirenz
Adverse effect of vidarabine
GiPiTCH Gi irritation Paresthesia Tremor Convulsion Hepatic dysfunction
NNRTI that penetrates most tissue including CNS and placenta
Metabolized by CYP3A4
Effective in preventing HI vertical transmission
Nevirapine
Main adverse effect of Didehydro-dideoxythymidine
Peripheral neuropathy
Lactose acidosis
Hepatic steatosis
Main adverse effect of dideoxycytidine
Peripheral neuropathy
Nucleoside analog of arabinose, instead of ribose.
Teratogenic.
Vidarabine
Inhibits early replication of influenza A (not B)
Prevents in coating by binding to M2 (matrix protein)
Amantadine
NNRTI that are teratogenic
Delavirdine
Efavirenz
This drug increases the clearance of azidothymidine
Rifampin
Increase plasma levels of azidothymidine by…
Antifungals
Inhibitor of protease encoded by HIV
Saquinavir
Indanivir
Frequent adverse effects of NNRTI
Rash (ulceration, SJS)
Newest NNRTI
Efavirine
Resistant strains of influenza A to amantadine
H3N2 virus
H1N1 strains
Drug of choice for patients with AIDS
Azidothymidine
Other name for amantadine
Alpha-adamantanamine
Symmetrel
Contains propylene glycol
Contraindications for pregnancy and young children
Adverse effects of renal or hepatic dysfunction
Emtricitabine
Enhance bioavailability by fatty foods
Metabolized by cytochrome p450
Teratogenic
Efavirenz
Ultrahigh-temperature sterilization temp and time
140C for 1-3sec
Microbial control (reduction and elimination) methods can be classified based upon their level of effectiveness against different types of microbes: Treatment include bacterial endospores, which form a 3-layer coat of protection, and acid-fast Mycobacteria which have a waxy cell wall.
Highest level of resistance
residual chemicals that remain active on surfaces for extended periods of time, providing longer-lasting antimicrobial effects.
Chlorhexidine
Alcohols are most effective in concentrations ranging from _____.
50-90%
Peroxides can be used as sterilants (\_\_\_ peroxide vapor), high-level disinfectants (\_\_\_ solutions) or as antiseptics (\_\_\_ solutions).
sterilants (30% peroxide vapor)
high-level disinfectants (25% solutions)
antiseptics (3% solutions).
Utilizes steam to penetrate cells, is faster and more effective than dry heat.
Moist heat
Depending on ______ used, chemicals from these groups (SCHHAAPPP) can be used as sterilants, disinfectants, and antiseptics.
Concentration and form (gas, liquid or solid)
Autoclave temperature
121C for 15 min under 15psi
Laundry detergent (benzalkonium chloride)
Dish soap
Household cleaners (409)
Mouthwash. (Cetylpyridinium chloride)
Soap and detergents
Sorbic, benzoic, propionic, lactic, acetic (vinegar), ascorbic
Organic acids
Gas or vapor form of a chemical agent (aldehyde, halogen, H2O2)
Sterilants
Photoreactivation uses visible light (_____nm) to activate repair enzymes (pyrimidine or thymine dimerase or DNA photolyase) that repair the UV damaged DNA.
400-750nm
Liquid form of chemical agent
Disinfectant
aromatic compounds that are toxic to tissues in high concentrations. They are intermediate to low-level disinfectants and antiseptics that damage cellular membranes and alter protein structure. They are bactericidal, fungicidal and virucidal, but CANNOT kill ENDOSPORES.
Phenol and phenol derivatives
Chemical control method that can only eliminate some types of bacteria, fungi and viruses. These agents are generally used to clean materials that contact outer, but not inner, skin surfaces.
Low-level disinfectants
A powerful, penetrating form of radiation that causes breakages in microbial DNA.
Ionizing radiation
Microbes that grow best at cooler temperatures ranging from -5°C to 20°Celsius.
Psychrophiles and psychrotrophs
2% glutaraldehyde solution (cidex)
37% formaldehyde
Aldehydes
Copper,zinc, mercury and silver Gold and silver lining of the teeth Thimerosal (vaccine preservative) Silver nitrate eye drops Zicam Mercury chlorides
Heavy metals
Filters pores size used to remove smallest
0.01 um
Microbes that include bacteria growing in hot springs and deserts, prefer warmer temperatures ranging from 40°C to 80°C.
Thermophiles
Category of microbial control methods:
Include the use of sterilants, disinfectants, antiseptics and sanitizers
Chemical control method
process used to disinfect or sterilize gases and heat-sensitive liquids by physically removing microbes. It mechanically traps and removes microbes, but does not kill them and cannot remove some of the toxins they produce. Used to sterilize water, air, blood products, vaccines, drugs, IV fluids, enzymes and media. Surgical masks and respirators filter the air that healthcare workers inhale and exhale.
Filtration
Danger zone that allows microbes to rapidly grow and metabolize.
Temperatures between 20-50C
Main advantage of ionizing radiation
Ability to penetrate and sterilize material thru outer packages ad wrappings
Much lower concentration than sterilants and disinfectants
Antiseptics
Filters pores size used to remove bacterial cells
0.22-0.45 um
Batch (historical) pasteurization temp and time
63C for 30min
process that destroys less than 100 % of microbes on living surfaces. Examples include swabbing skin with iodide prior to surgery and washing your hands with soap.
Antisepsis
Filters pores size used to remove largest viruses and most bacteria
0.22 um
A form of non-ionizing energy with a short wavelength (4-400nm). It kills microbes by damaging their DNA.
UV radiation
Microbes that can be found in geysers and volcanoes, grow best at temperatures above 80°C.
Hyperthermophiles
Example of microbes that can survive several months in refrigerator.
Psychrophiles
Staph aureus
Clostridium
Filters pores size used to remove multicellular algae, animals and fungi
5 um
Lysol, pine-sol, antibacterial soaps and products that contains triclosan
Phenol and phenol derivatives
Microbicidal/microbistatic:
agents that kill microbes
Microbicidal
used in cured meats (ham, bacon, hot dogs, bologna, salami) to maintain a bright red color. These substances break down during frying and freezing, causing the meat to lose its “pink” appearance. There has been a link between nitrosamines produced from the cooking of processed meat and cancer in humans.
Nitrites and nitrates
Chemical control method that can kill fungal spores (sex cells) and acid-fast bacteria (TB), but cannot kill endospores. These agents are typically used to treat materials that come into contact with mucous membranes.
Intermediate-level disinfectant
can be used to create hypertonic environments, which cause microbial cells to shrink and undergo plasmolysis due to the loss of water. These preservatives are static agents, because they do not kill microbes, they only slow or inhibit their metabolism.
Natural preservatives
Microbes that include most disease-causing forms of bacteria, grow best at temperatures ranging from 20°C to 40°C.
Mesophiles
Non-ionizing radiation example
Uv radiation
any process that removes microbes and other debris or contaminants to “safe levels.” Examples include washing plates and cups.
Decontamination
It produces highly reactive free radicals that damage proteins and DNA. It is most toxic to anaerobes, which lack the enzyme catalase needed for its breakdown. It is one of the 3 chemical groups that can be used to kill endospores.
Hydrogen peroxide s
Because dry heat penetrates more slowly than moist heat (steam), dry heat ovens require higher temperatures and longer exposure times in order to effectively sterilize objects.
Dry heat temp and time?
1 hour at 171°C or
2 hours at 160°C
Disadvantage of UV radiation
Unable to penetrate thru substances such as glass, metal and plastic.
Iodide (skin antiseptic, betadine surgical scrub)
chlorine gas (sterilant); chlorine bleach (high level disinfectant)
bromine
fluorine (toothpaste and water disinfectant)
Halogens
Filters pores size used to remove viruses
0.01-0.22 um
A high pressure chamber that utilizes temperatures of121°C for 15 minutes under 15 psi (pressure) to sterilize nonliving surfaces (kills endospores). Used to sterilize heat-resistant materials, such as glassware, surgical dressings, rubber gloves, metallic instruments, liquids, and some heat-resistant papers and plastics.
Autoclave
Microbial control (reduction and elimination) methods can be classified based upon their level of effectiveness against different types of microbes: Treatment include protozoans in both cyst and vegetative form, Gram-negative bacteria, which have an outer membrane, porins and drugs pumps, as well as fungi, which have a cell wall made of chitin.
Intermediate level resistance
UV damaged DNA forms ____ that block DNA replication and transcription.
pyrimidine (thymine) dimers
Process that destroys 100% of microbes (even endospores) on non-living surfaces.
Sterilization
A mechanical method of microbial control used to remove microbes from the surface of instruments and teeth. It utilizes high frequency sound waves to generate “shock waves” that are conducted through living structures or liquids. The force exerted by these shock waves leads to the rupture of microbial membranes and their removal from surfaces. Used to clean surgical instruments, dental instruments, teeth, pacemakers, hearing aids, test tubes and small electronics.
Ultrasonic vibration
effective physical control agent that can be delivered in both moist (steam sterilization, pasteurization) and dry (bacti-cinerators and ovens) forms.
Heat
T or F: refrigeration and freezing do NOT kill microbes.
True, they merely hold the number of microbes steady (static). Although refrigeration and freezing can slow or halt the growth of most mesophiles, it may allow the slow growth of spoilage bacteria, such as psychrophiles that can grow and metabolize even at freezing temperatures!
Filters pores size used to remove Protozoa and small unicellular algae
1.2 um
Flash pasteurization temp and time
72C for 15sec
chemicals that alter microbial proteins and at high concentrations and in gas form can be sporicidal
Halogens
static agents used to prevent food spoilage.
Preservatives
Chemical antimicrobials range from low-level disinfectants, to intermediate-level disinfectants, to high-level sterilants. Antimicrobial chemicals include:
SCHHAAPPP
1) halogens;
2) phenolics;
3) chlorhexidine;
4) alcohols;
5) peroxides;
6) soaps and detergents;
7) heavy metals;
8) aldehydes; and
9) preservatives.
Non-ionizing/ionizing radiation:
causes breakage in microbial DNA.
Ionizing radiation
can be used as low-level disinfectants or antiseptics. They are NOT sporicidal. They oxidize and inactivate proteins and can be toxic to humans
Heavy metals
Filters pores size used to remove larger viruses and pliable bacteria (mycoplasma, rickettsia, chlamydia, some Spirochetes)
0.025 um
radiation that can be used to regulate the growth of microbes on non-living substances, such as: food, water, on walls and floors, even the air in dental offices and hospital operating rooms.
Non-ionizing radiation (UV radiation)
70% ethanol (disinfectants)
50% isopropanol (antiseptics)
Water-free Hand sanitizer such as purell
Alcohols
Heat helps control microbial growth by…
Destroying or denaturing structural and regulatory proteins.
Factors that affect the rate at which microbes are killed include:
ENARA
1) exposure time to agent (the longer the material is exposed to agent, the more microbes will be killed)
2) number of microbes present on surface (the more microbial contamination, the longer it will take to disinfect it)
3) amt of organic debris or contaminants
4) resistance level of microbes (endospores vs non-endospores);
5) activity level of the agent (cidal versus static).
Exposure of human tissue to UV light can result in …
UVA (wrinkles)
UVB (sunburn)
UVC (cancer)
added to baked goods, cheeses, pickles, sodas, jams, jellies and dried fruits to reduce the growth of mold and bacteria.
Organic acids
intermediate-level disinfectants or antiseptics that dissolve lipid membranes (surfactants) and denature proteins. They are effective against most fungi and bacterial cells, but CANNOT kill endospore- formers.
Alcohols
Non-ionizing/ionizing radiation:
uses ultraviolet light to form dimers between neighboring thymines in the DNA.
Non-ionizing radiation
Sugar and salts
Natural preservatives
Preferred method for disposing of animal carcasses contaminated with infectious agents.
Incineration
Chemical control method that are able to kill endospore-forming bacteriaand can be used to completely eliminate all microbes on non-living surfaces. These powerful agents are used to sterilize materials such as catheters, implants, and surgical instruments.
High-level disinfectant
Filters pores size used to remove yeasts and larger unicellular algae
3 um
another effective dry heat method, which uses temperatures of 800°C to 6500°C to burn microbial material.
Incineration
Category of microbial control methods:
Include heat, filtration, UV radiation and US vibration
Physical control method
Intermediate level disinfectant ___ in killing mycobacteria and non lipid viruses, but does NOT kill endospores
Varies
Moist heat methods
Steam sterilization (Autoclaving, boiling, pasteurization)
A low-pressure steam method that requires temperatures of 100°C for a minimum of 10 minutes in order to disinfect, but NOT STERILIZE, objects. Exposing materials to this for 30 minutes will kill most non-spore-forming pathogens, but NOT ENDOSPORES. Used to disinfect drinking water, eating utensils, food, hospital bedding and baby bottles.
Boiling
Microbicidal/microbistatic:
agents that temporarily inhibit the reproduction of microbes, but do not kill them.
Microbistatic
T or F:Mechanical agents (filtration) physically remove microbes but do not kill them.
True
low-level disinfectants used in hospitals, dental offices, and veterinary clinics. They can also be used as skin degerming agents in preoperative scrubs or oral rinsed. It disrupts cellular membranes (surfactants) and denatures proteins, but cannot kill endospores.
Chlorhexidine
Antimicrobial agents damage microbes by disrupting the:
1) cell wall;
2) cell membrane;
3) proteins;
4) NA (DNA or RNA).
Used to disinfect drinking water, eating utensils, food, hospital bedding and baby bottles.
Boiling
Filters pores size used to remove largest bacteria
0.45 um
Radiation that is Used to regulate the growth of microbes in food, drugs, vaccines, medical plastics, surgical gloves, bone and skin tissue grafts
Ionizing radiation
An effective sterilizing agent because it can denature structural and regulatory proteins needed for metabolism. Used for water-sensitive materials such as metals, oils, and powders.
Dry heat
It is cationic quaternary ammonium compounds called “quats.”
Soap and detergent
prevent the growth of molds in dried fruits, juices, syrups and wines and prevent discoloration of food products.
Sulfur compounds (sulfites)
A low-pressure, moist heat method used to reduce the number of microbes in MILK and JUICE in order to slow the rate of food spoilage. Milk is not sterile after this, as this techniques kills most microbes that cause human disease and food spoilage, but not all.
Pasteurization
UV damaged DNa can be repaired by a process called ____.
Photoreactivation
Ultrahigh-temperature pasteurization temp and time
134C for 1sec
Microbial control (reduction and elimination) methods can be classified based upon their level of effectiveness against different types of microbes: Treatment include naked viruses, Gram-positive bacteria, and enveloped viruses.
Low level resistance
Used to sterilize heat-resistant materials, such as glassware, surgical dressings, rubber gloves, metallic instruments, liquids, and some heat-resistant papers and plastics.
Autoclave
Main disadvantage of ionizing radiation
Risk of exposure for those who work with this type of radiation.
Chemical agents of control have 4 primary sites of action:
1) cell wall;
2) cell membrane;
3) proteins;
4) NA (DNA or RNA).
weak disinfectants or antiseptics that act as surfactants to disrupt the cellular membranes of some bacteria and fungi. It is unable to kill endospore-forming bacteria.
Soap and detergents (quats)
Boiling temp and time
100C for 10min
highly toxic agents which can be used as sterilants, high-level disinfectants, or tissue preservatives depending upon concentration and form (gas, liquid or solid). It inhibits microbial growth by damaging proteins and nucleic acids (DNA and RNA). It can be used to kill endospores and inactivate viruses during vaccine preparation.
Aldehydes
process that destroys less than 100% of microbes on non-living surfaces. Unable to kill endospores which are the most difficult type of microbe to treat. Examples include applying 5% bleach soln to an operating table and boiling eating utensils after use by sick patients
Disinfection
organic acids, sulfur compounds,nitrites, and sugars and salts.
Preservatives
Dry heat methods
Incineration (bacti-cinerator)
Sterilization ovens
High level disinfectant kills endospores.
Some
Hibiclens,hibitane, betasept, peridex
Chlorhexidine
Category of microbial control methods:
Include filtration and US vibration
Mechanical control method
Ionizing radiation
Gamma rays
X-rays
Diagnostic test for Enterobius vermicularis infection
Scotch tape test on the perianal area
Cellophane tape swab
Diagnostic test for Strongyloides
Filter paper strip procedure
Agar plate method
Baermann’s technique
Lemon-shaped egg
Trichuris trichiura
Treatment for Strongyloides stercoralis infection
Albendazole
Pathognomonic sign of taenia solium infection
Migrating intraventricular cyst
Cephalic cone
Halzoun
Fascio hepatica
Filariasis is caused by
Wuchereria bancrofti
Brugia malayi
Lung fluke
Paragonimus westermani
Intermediate host of loa loa
Deer fly
“Mal morado” or “erisipelas de la costa”
Onchocerca volvulus
Fiery serpents that plagued the Israelites by the Red Sea
Dracunculus medinensis
Resemble gastric carcinoma
Anisakis sp.
Brood capsules
Liver cysts
Echinococcus granulosus
Resides in veins surrounding the bladder and deposits egg in urine.
Causes urinary bladder carcinoma
Terminal spine
Schistosoma haematobium
Sheep liver fluke
Sheep liver rot
Fasciola hepatica
Transmitted by genus mansonia
Brugia malayi
Collarette of spine
Echinostoma ilocanum
Dot sign
Ascaris lumbricoides
T or F: within the normal human host, there is no immune reaction to living worms
True
Test for schistosoma cercariae
Circum oval precipitin test (COPT)
Mode of transmission of fasciolopsis buski
Eating aquatic vegetation carrying the cysts
Bamboo shoots and water chestnuts
Treatment for onchocerciasis
DEC diethylcarbamazine
Whipworm
Trichuris trichiura
Fascio hepatica excysts in..
Duodenum
Can be acquired thru ingestion of undercooked meat where in the encysted larvae of nematode live in striated muscle
Trichinella spiralis
Pinworms mature in..
Cecum and ascending intestine
Box-like segments of tapeworm
Proglottids
Treatment for filariasis
Ivermectin
Diethylcarbamazine DEC
Causes neurocysticercosis
Taenia solium
Treatment for toxocarca canis infection
Diethylcarbamazine
May cause periorbital edema
Trichinella spiralis
Bipolar plugs
Trichuris trichiura
Transmission of fasciola hepatica
Eating watercress contaminated with metacercariae
African eye worm
Loa loa
Differentiate in dermal nodule
Onchocerca volvulus
Hanging groin
Onchocerca volvulus
Form of larva that can penetrate the skin (n.americanus and s.stercoralis)
Filariform larva
Infective stage of loa loa
Micro filariae
Beef tapeworm
Taenia saginata
Cat/dog hookworm
Ancyclostoma braziliensis
Barber’s pole
Angiostrongylus cantonensis
Blood and tissue nematodes spread by ..
Bite of arthropod
Vector of filariasis
Culex, aedes poicilus, and anopheles flavirostis mimimus mosquito
Guinea worm
Dracunculus medinensis
Treatment for Cestodes and Trematodes infection
Praziquantel
Black river blindness
Onchocerca volvulus
Infective stage of hymenolepis nana
Eggs are directly infectious to humans
In trichuris trichiura, there is no auto infection, why is that?
Since the eggs must incubate in moist soil for 3-6weeks before they become infective.
Treatment for fasciola hepatica
Bithionol
Blood and tissue nematodes
Onchocerca volvulus
Wuchereria bancrofti and brugia malayi
Treatment of fasciolopsis buski
Praziquantel
4 suckers and circle of hooks
Taenia solium
Acquired when ingested undercooked crabs/crayfish
Ova with operculum
Hemoptysis
Paragonimus westermani
Dog roundworms
Toxocarca canis
Positive uterine rosette
Spirometra
Diphyllobothrium latum
The thickened skin may appear dry, scaly and thick (LEOPARD SKIN)
Onchocerca volvulus
Infective stage of filariasis in man
Microfilariae
Intestinal nematodes that are acquired when their larvae penetrate the skin, usually of the foot
Necator americanus (hookworm) Strongyloides stercoralis
Intermediate host of Trematodes
Snail
Vector of onchocerca volvulus
Black fly or buffalo gnat
Simulium flies
Nematode that causes loeffler’s syndrome -pneumonitis
Ascaris lumbricoides
Intermediate hosts of diphyllobothrium latum
Crustaceans and fish
Adult worms of blood and tissue nematodes lives in
Lymphatic tissue
Reaction to proteins released by dying onchocerca, including fevers, rashes, ocular damage, joint and muscle pain, and lymphangitis as well as hypotension, pyrexia, respiratory distress, and prostration.
Drug reaction to DEC diethylcarbamazine
Mazzoti reaction
Acquired thru ingestion of raw seafoods
Anisakis sp.
The most anterior segment of tapeworm, which has suckers or sometimes hook
Scolex
Garrison fluke
Echinostoma ilocanum
Length of pork tapeworm
2-8meters
Dog tapeworm
Echinococcus granulosus
___proglottids that contains the fertilized eggs
Gravid proglottids
Pudoc worm
Capillaria philippinensis
Visceral larva migrans
Toxocarca canis
Scariest worm
Ascaris lumbricoides
Causes hydatid disease, an extra-intestinal tapeworm infection
Echinococcus granulosus
Eating raw fish containing cysts
Causes cardiac beriberi / cardiac failure
Heterophyses heterophyses
Most common sequela of neurocysticercosis
Seizure
Rat tapeworm
Hymenolepis diminuta
Treatment for loa loa infection
Ivermectin
Diethylcarbamazine
Flatworms
Platyhelminthes
T or F: flatworms does not have digestive tract
True
Schistosoma that resides in intestinal tract and deposits eggs in feces.
Small lateral spine.
Schistosoma japonicum
Diagnostic test in echinococcus granulosus infection
Casoni’s skin test
“Craw-craw or “sowda”
Onchocerca volvulus
Cutaneous larva migrans aka creeping eruption (intensely pruritic, migratory skin infection)
Ancyclostoma braziliensis
Nurse cells
Trichinella spiralis
Infective stage of dracunculus medinensis to man
Microfilariae in Copepods
Intermediate host of Echinostoma ilocanum
Pila luzonica
Cochin china diarrhea
Strongyloides stercoralis
Schistosoma that resides in intestinal tract and deposits eggs in feces.
Prominent lateral spine
Schistosoma mansoni
Intestinal nematode that is acquired by ingestion of encysted larvae in muscle (pork meat)
Trichinella spiralis
Produces large eosinophilic exudates
Ascaris lumbricoides
Pin worm / seat worm
Enterobius vermicularis
New world hookworm
Necator americanus
Mature schistosomal larva that infects human
Cercariae
Largest intestinal nematode
Ascaris lumbricoides
Cutting plates
Necator americanus
Fasciolopsis buski
Blood fluke
Schistosoma
Occurs when humans take the role of pigs and ingest eggs rather than the encysted larvae
Cysticercosis
Endemic in Philippines
Hymenolepis nana
Echinostoma ilocanum
Flukes
Trematodes
Rat lungworms
Angiostrongylus cantonensis
A group of Platyhelminthes that is hermaphroditic (has male and female sex organs)
Cestodes
T or F: all flukes have a water snail species as an intermediate host
True
Fish tapeworm
Diphyllobothrium latum
For egg counting
Stoll’s technique
Has indirect and direct cycle and
Autoinfection where filariform larvae develop and penetrate intestinal wall
Strongyloides stercoralis
The larvae of diphyllobothrium latum is called..
Plerocercoid / sparganum
Topical pulmonary eosinophilia
Filariasis
Tapeworms
Cestodes
Disease caused by clonorchis sinensis
Cholangicarcinoma
Max length of diphyllobothrium latum
45 meters
Diagnostic test for trichinosis
Bentonite floccukation test
No filariform larvae stage, no tissue invasion, no lung involvement and the eosinophilic count is not elevated
Trichuris trichiura
Enterobius vermicularis
Schistosoma with Non-operculated ovum
Schistosoma japonicum
Ova with operculum
Has elongated sucking grooves
Diphyllobothrium latum
Giant intestinal fluke
Fasciolopsis buski
Anisakis sp. transmission
Acquired thru ingestion of raw seafoods
___proglottids that has the male and female sex organs
Mature proglottids
Has rostellar hooks
Taenia solium
Causes borborygmi (rumbling and gurgling noise in intestine) and diarrhea
Capillaria philippinensis
Roundworms
Nematodes
Causes radiculomyeloencephalitis
Angiostrongylus cantonensis
Manifests:
Katayama reaction (fever) as a result of the grown adults laying their eggs.
Swimmer’s itch as a result of penetration of cercaria on the swimmer’s skin.
Claystem/pipe stem fibrosis
Schistosoma japonicum
Causes vitamin b12 deficiency to megaloblastic anemia
Diphyllobothrium latum
The life cycle of trichuris trichiura is
Slow
Pork tapeworm
Taenia solium
Diagnostic test for toxocarca canis
Casoni skin test
Tramway sign in X-ray
Ascaris lumbricoides
Causes calabar swelling or fugitive swelling
Crawling across the conjunctiva
Loa loa
A group of Platyhelminthes that live and mate within digestive tract
Cestodes
Fluke that is Endemic in Philippines
Echinostoma ilocanum
Schistosomes
S. haematobium
S. japonicum
S. mansoni
Tapeworm that is Endemic in Philippines
Hymenolepis nana
Rectal prolapse
Trichuris trichiura
Nematodes that has larval form that migrates through the tissue and into the lung at some stage of their life cycle. The larvae grow in the lung, are coughed up and swallowed into the intestine, where they grow into adult worms.
Ascaris lumbricoides
Necator americanus
Strongyloides stercoralis
Diagnostic test for schistosoma
Kato’s thick-smear method
Ascaris lumbricoides and Necator americanus have very similar life cycle, they differ only in the path that each larvae form takes to reach the lung:
Necator americanus: foot to lung
Ascaris lumbricoides: intestine to lung
Filariasis, a wuchereria bancrofti and brugia malayi infection, causes what manifestations?
Elephantiasis
Elephantoid fever
Treatment for echinococcus granulosus
Albendazole
Causes Pruritus ani (perianal itching)
Enterobius vermicularis
Smallest tapeworm (15-55mm) Dwarf tapeworm
Hymenolepis nana
Egg hen shape ova
Fasciolopsis buski
Infective stage of onchocerca volvulus in man
Micro filariae
Vector of schistosoma japonicum
Onchomelania quadrasi
Intestinal nematodes that are acquired thru ingestion of eggs
Ascaris lumbricoides Trichuris trichiura (whipworm) Enterobius vermicularis (pinworm)
Principal host of Strongyloides stercoralis
Man
It causes anaphylactic shock when the hydatid cyst bursts
Echinococcus granulosus
Chinese liver fluke
Clonorchis sinensis
Toxoplasma is one of the transplacentally acquired TORCHES organisms that can cross bpb. Pregnant women should avoid cats.
Just a note
Has axonemes
Giardia lamblia
Plasmodium grows in (liver,Rbc) while reproduce in (liver,Rbc)
Plasmodium grows in liver while reproduce in RBC
Treatment for toxoplasma gondii infection
Pyrimethamine + trisulfapyrimidine
Flagellated trophozoite
Giardia lamblia
Trichomonas vaginalis
Manifestation in visceral leishmaniasis
Massive Splenomegaly
Trophozoite of this organism asexually bud and divide into 4 merozoites that stick together, forming a cross or x-shaped TETRAD ( MALTESE CROSS)
Babesia sp.
Intestinal Protozoa that causes bloody diarrhea
Entamoeba hystolitica
Treatment for pneumocystis jiroveci
Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole
Campers frequently develop this protozoan infection after drinking from clear untreated mountain stream
Giardia lamblia
Balantidium coli causes
Diarrhea
Infective stage of plasmodium in man
Sporozoites
Stain of pneumocystis jiroveci
Silver stain
Strawberry cervix
Trichomonas vaginalis
Quartan malaria
P.malaria
Infective stage of plasmodium in mosquito
Gametocyte
Blood mucoid stools
(+) tenesmus : Painful spasm of the anal sphincter along with an urgent desire to defecate without the significant production of feces
Amebiasis
Treatment for chagas disease
Nitrofurfurylidine derivative - nifurtimox
Giardia lamblia infection often manifests malodorous stool packed with fats.
Since giardia lamblia does NOT invade the intestinal walls, there is NO blood in the stool
Commonly infects recto-sigmoid large intestine
Amebiasis
Sausage- shaped gametocyte
P.falciparum
Ziemann’s stipling
P.malariae
Villous atrophy - malabsorption
Lactose intolerance
Giardia lamblia
Positive kerandel’s sign (excruciating pain after minor soft-tissue injury, e.g. in palms and ulnar region.)
Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense
Manifestation on acute chagas disease
Chagoma - erythematous induration area
Vector of leishmania donovani
Phlebotomus sandfly
Swiss cheese appearance on degeneration
Entamoeba hystolitica
Vivax and ovale burst loose every..
48 hrs (tertian malaria)
Diagnostic test for giardia lamblia
String test
Aestivoautumnal, malignant tertian or sub tertian malaria
Bursts loose irregularly
P.falciparum
Swimming in freshwater
Naegleria fowleri
Hypnozoite can only be found in what species of plasmodium
P.vivax and ovale
Infective stage of entamoeba hystolitica to man
Cyst
Cryptosporidium parvum, when ingested as a round oocyst contains ___sporozoites
4 sporozoites
Vector of trypanosoma cruzi
Panstrongylus megistus / reduviid bug / kissing bug
Feces
Trichomonas that is commensal
Trichomonas tenax
Falling leaf motility
Gardia lamblia
Diagnostic test of chagas disease
Machado-Guerreiro Test
T or F: males can have trichomoniasis
True. Usually asymptomatic
Malaria life cycle
- Pe-erythrocytic cycle - from anopheles, sporozoites is injected to human bloodstream to liver. SPOROZOITE becomes TROPOZOITE, then undergoes nuclear division forming SCHIZONTS then cytoplasmic membrane division forming MEROZOITE resulting to liver cell bursting.
- Exo-erythrocytic cycle - reinfects liver and repeat cycle
- Erythrocytic cycle - enters Rbc (instead of liver cells)
Infective stage of leishmania donovani in man
Promastigote (flagellated motile form)
Manifestation in chronic chagas disease
Mega esophagus and mega colon
Chagasic cardiopathy
Infective stage of trypanosoma cruzi in man
Metacyclic trypomastigote
Motility of gardia lamblia
Falling leaf motility
Most common site of gardia lamblia infection.
Upper part of small intestine
Hemoflagellate ( lives in the bld stream)
kinetoplast (mass of mito DNA lying close to the nucleus)
Undulating membrane
Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense
Trypanosoma cruzi
Treatment for Balantidium coli infection
Iodoquinol
Merozoite invades all ages of RBC
P. Falciparum
Algid malaria
P.flaciparum
Flask-shaped ulcer
Entamoeba hystolitica
Fungal infection (previously protozoa) common in AIDS
Pneumocystis jiroveci
Positive Romanas sign (edema lower eyelid with conjunctivitis
Positive intracellular amastigote stage
Trypanosoma cruzi
Treatment for malaria
Chloroquine (vivax, ovale, malariae)
Primaquine (vivax, ovale)
Mefloquine (chloroquine-resistant)
Causes tartar teeth
Trichomonas tenax
East African sleeping sickness
Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense
Vector of malaria
Anopheles mosquito
TETRAD of babesia sp,
Maltese cross
Vector of trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense
Tse tse fly
Following ingestion cyst converts back into the motile form, called the…
trophozoite
When exposed to new environments (such as temperature changes, transit down the intestinal tract, or chemical agents), the protozoa can secrete a protective coat and shrink into a round armored form, called
Cyst
Culture for trichomonas
Modified thioglycolate medium
The largest pathogenic Protozoa found in the intestine
Balantidium coli
Slow granulomatous infection and Meningitis in immunocompromised persons
Acanthamoeba
Transmission of toxoplasma Gondi
Ingestion of infected raw meats or food contaminated with cat feces
Treatment for trichomoniasis
Metronidazole
Protozoa ingests solid pieces of food thru a small mouth called
Cytostome
Acid fast oocysts
Cryptosporidium parvum
Diagnostic test for entamoeba and trichomonas
Diamond medium
P.malaria bursts loose every
72 hrs (quartan malaria)
Glycogen vacuoles
Iodomoeba butschlii
Diagnostic test for microsporidium
Ryan’s trichrome blue stain
Trophozoite and cyst, which is infective?
Cysts
Plasmodium merozoite invades senescent RBC
P.malariae
Vector of babesia sp.
Ixodes sp.
Infective stage of toxoplasma gondii
Trophozoite
Culture for amoeba
Boeck and Drbohlav’s Locke-Egg serum medium
The only ciliated protozoan that causes human disease - diarrhea
Balantidium coli
Diagnostic test for leishmania
Montenegro skin test
Obligate intracellular parasite (Protozoa)
Toxoplasma gondii
Culture for acanthamoeba
Culbertson’s medium
P.vivax and ovale has a dormant form called
Hypnozoite
Malaria is a febrile disease caused by 4 different Protozoa:
Plasmodium vivax
Plasmodium falciparum
Plasmodium ovale
Plasmodium malariae
This sensitive diagnostic test is conducted where 40 lab-grown reduviid bugs are allowed to feed on the patient, and 1 month later the bug’s intestinal contents are examined for the parasite.
Xenodiagnosis
Shepherds crook
Chliomastix mesnili
Kala-agar (black sickness)
Leishmania donovani
American trypanosoma
Trypanosoma cruzi
Common site of infection in amebiasis
Recto-sigmoid large intestine
Positive ingested Rbc
Entamoeba hystolitica
Dum dum fever
Leishmania donovani
Chagas disease
Trypanosoma cruzi
Blood-borne flagellates
Leishmania
Trypanosoma
Flagellated protozoan
Trichomonas vaginalis
Diagnostic test for cyclospora
KOH
Benign tertian malaria
P. vivax (and ovale)
Free living meningitis-causing amoeba that lives in freshwater and moist soil.
Naegleria fowleri
Acanthamoeba
Buffalo-skin or Dyak skin ulcers
Entamoeba hystolitica
Most common site of cryptosporidiosis
Jejunum
Incubation period of plasmodium
2-4 weeks
Causes dysentery, amoebic colitis and liver abscess (anchovy paste)
Entamoeba hystolitica
Treatment for acute amebic colitis (by Entamoeba hystolitica)
Metronidazole
Diagnostic test for cryptosporidium
Sheather’s sugar flotation
Causes paraventricular calcification and encephalomyelitis
Toxoplasma gondii
Parasites found more commonly in AIDS
Pneumocystis jiroveci (MC)
Toxoplasma gondi
Cryptosporidium
Winter button sign (posterior lymphadenopathy)
Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense
Quotidian fever
P.vivax
Plasmodium merozoite invades only reticulocyte
P.vivax and ovale
Clinical form of leishmaniasis caused by L.donovani.
Visceral leishmaniasis
Rapidly progressing meningoencephalitis in immunocompetent persons
Naegleria fowleri
Onchocerca volvulus
Simulium flies (female black fly)
Drancunculus medinensis
Copepods (cyclops)
Tsutsugamushi
Leptotrombidium spp.
Babesiosis
Ixodes spp
Trypanosoma brucei
Tse tse fly
Borrelia burgdoferi
Ixodes tick
Bartonella bacilliformis
Phlebotomus fly
Loa loa
Deerfly (mango fly), Chrysops
Bartonella Quintana
Pediculus humanus
Trypanosoma cruzi
Panstrongylus megistus (reduviid bug)
Schistosoma japonicum
Onchomelania quadrasi
Rickettsia pox
Liponyssoides
Rickettsia prowazeki
Pediculus humanus
Yersinia pestis
Xenopsylla cheopis
American trypanosomiasis (chagas disease)
Triatoma, panstrongylus
Rickettsia rickettsii
Dermacentor spp
Francisella tularensis
Dermacentor
Echinostoma ilocanum
Pila luzonica
Borrelia recurrentis
Ornithodoros
Boutonneuse fever
Rhipicephalus
Disease cause by strep pyogenes
PRAISE Pharyngitis Rheumatic fever Acute post strep glomerulonephritis Impetigo (contagiosa) Scarlet fever - spares the face Erysipelas
Transmission of L.monocytogenes
Ingestion of contaminated raw milk products and cabbages (coleslaw)
Produces serpentine colonies
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Optochin, bile and quellung positive
Strep pneumoniae
Long, thin aerobic spirochete that have hook on one or bothe ends, giving them an “ice tongs” appearance
Leptospira
Clostridium species that is not motile
Clostridium perfringens
Vector of yersinia pestis
Xenopsylla cheopis
Between chlamydia and rickettsia, which has fond to columnar epithelium
Chlamydia
Obligate aerobes
NN BBB LMP neisseria and nocardia Bacillus cereus, bordetella, brucella Legionella Mycobacteria Pseudomonas
Poly microbial
Brain abscess
Cat-scratch disease
Bacillary angiomatosis
Inoculation lymphoreticulosis
Parinauds occuloglandular syndrome
Bartonella henselae
Produce medussa head colonies
Bacillus anthracis
Vector of Borrelia burgdorferi
Ixodid nymph tick
Causes left-sided valve infection in addicts
P. aeruginosa
Candida albicans
Number one cause of bacterial bronchitis and and pneumonia in teenagers and young adults
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
Hematologic hallmark of gardnerella vaginalis infection
Clue cells
Characteristic fried egg appearance
Mycoplasma
Yersinia pestis is a gram-neg bacteria that exhibits striking bipolar staining with special stains. What are those?
Giemsa or Wayson’s stain
Lucio’s phenomenon
mycobacterium leprae
Causes UTI having alkaline urine due to urease
Proteus mirabilis
Transmission of coxiella burnetti
Inhalation of aerosols
T or F: strep viridans is part of normal oral flora (found in the nasopharynx and gingival crevices) and GIT.
True
Treatment for gardnerella vaginalis
Metronidazole
Most common cause of duodenal ulcers and chronic gastritis. And second leading cause of gastric ulcers
Helicobacter pylori
Job’s syndrome (hyper-IgE syndrome)
Recurrent cellulitis
Spreads from central localized infection.
Staph aureus cellulitis
Group B, beta-hemolytic strep
Strep agalactiae
Lyme disease
Borrelia burgdorferi
Causes bacterial vaginitis
Gardnerella vaginalis
T or F: strep agalactiae is part of normal flora of vagina of pregnant women
True. About 25% of pregnant
Endemic typhus
Rickettsia typhi
Are corynebacterium and listeria catalase positive
Yes
Pseudoappendicits syndrome.
Yersinia pseudotuberculosis
Yaws
Treponema pertenue
Rusty colored sputum in pneumonia
Strep pneumoniae
Mycobacterium tuberculosis produces ____ in culture
Niacin
Produces black eschar
Bacillus anthracis
Corkscrew-shaped spirochete
Borrelia
Toxins of staph aureus
Exfoliatin
Enterotoxin
TSST-1
“The great pretender”
Treponema pallidum
Non fermenters Hot tub folliculitis (diffuse folliculitis) Echtyma gangrenosum Cellulits ff penetrating trauma HAP
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Muscle spasm
Trismus
Risus sardonicus
Respiratory muscle paralysis
Tetanus
Lactose fermenter enteric
E.coli and klebsiella pneumoniae
Diagnostic test for diphtheria
Elek’s test
T or F: salmonella typhi is zoonotic
False. S.typhi is not zoonotic and only carried by humans
Growth medium of mycobacterium leprae
Footpads of mice or in armadillo
Predictive model for diagnosis of group A strep
Centor criteria
Indole negative
Ferments lactose
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Red diaper syndrome
Serratia mercescens
Causes spontaneous myonecrosis and spontaneous non traumatic gangrene
Clostridium septicum
Some people recovering from typhoid fever become chronic carriers, harboring salmonella typhi in their ____ and excreting bacteria constantly.
Gall bladder
Swarming enteric
Proteus mirabilis
Friedlander’s pneumoniae
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Disease that presents with the abrupt onset of a watery diarrhea (classically described as looking like RICE WATER) with loss of up to 1liter of fluid per hr in severe cases.
Cholera. It causes death by dehydration
Group A strep, beta-hemolytic
Strep pyogenes
Flagella of clostridium has this virulence protein
H-antigen
Treatment for yersinia pestis
Streptomycin + tetracycline
Most common cause of non-gonoccocal urethritis
Chlamydia trachomatis
Causes Rocky Mountain spotted fever
Rickettsia rickettsii
Diseases caused by Clostridium septicum
Spontaneous myonecrosis
Spontaneous non traumatic gangrene
Cord factor of mycobacteria
Trehalose dimycolate
Step agalactiae is hydrolyzed by …
Hippurate
Pinta
Treponema carateum
Incubation period of Leptospira interrogans
5-14 days (2-30days)
Incubation period of yersinia enterocolitica
Cold enrichment - 4C For 1wk
Whooping cough
Bordetella pertussis
Spirillum minus
Rat bite fever
Oroya fever is a profound intravascular hemolytic anemia of a few weeks duration, associated with lesions called VERRUGA PERUANA resembling Kaposi’s sarcoma; also known as Carrión’s disease.
Bartonella bacilliformis
Index organism for fecal contamination of water
E.coli
Most common bacteria in surface water worldwide
Vibrios
Borrelia burgdorferi can invade the brain, cranial nerves and even motor/sensory nerves. What is the most common CN palsy?
Bell’s palsy
Patient that is a worker in the meat-packing industry, a veterinarian, a farmer or a traveler who consumes dairy (cow or goat) products in Mexico ore elsewhere. Possible disease?
Tularemia
Causes tularemia
Francisella tularensis
Neurotoxin of Cl.botulinum inhibits the release of _____ from peripheral nerves. Toxin is not secreted, rather It is released upon the death of bacteria.
Acetylcholine
Diagnostic test of step.pyogene that indicates presence of pyrrolidonyl arrylamidase
PYR test
Most common cause of bloody diarrhea in 1-4yrs old
Shigella dysenteriae
It is seen in secondary syphilis. In paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria, an antibody associated with syphilis and viral infections.
Donath-Landsteiner antibody
Most common cause if UTI in sexually active women (second to e.coli)
Staph saprophyticus
Enzymes of serratia mercescens
Gelatinase
DNAse
Lipase
Most common type of salmonella infection
Inflammatory diarrhea
Erysipelas - fiery red swelling of face
Strep pyogenes
3rd most common cause of meningitis in children
Listeria monocytogenes
Cause of dental carries
Strep viridans
Culture of h.influenzae
Chocolate agar
Diseases caused by brucella
BUM Brucellosis (causes undulant fever) Bang's disease Undulant fever Mediterranean fever
Family vibrionaceae
Vibrio cholera
Vibrio panhaemolyticus
Campylobacter jejuni
Helicobacter pylori
Trench fever
Bartonella quintana
Recurrent form of epidemic typhus
Brill-zinser disease
Can live in 6.5% NaCl and 40% bile
Group D strep
Rapidly spreading, diffuse process
Associated with lymphangitis and fever
Milroy’s disease
Strep cellulitis
Most common cause of diarrhea
Yersinia enterocolitica
Between chlamydia and rickettsia, which requires an arthropod vector?
Rickettsia
Weil’s disease
Leptospira interrogans
Infected lymph node in bubonic plague
Inguinal nodes (boubon is Greek for groin)
Caused the Black Death or the bubonic plague
Yersinia pestis
Diagnostic test for cholera
String test
Thiosulfate-citrate-bile salts (TCBS) agar
Cross reacts with rickettsiae species
Proteus mirabilis
Stain that demonstrates the metachromatic granules of corynebacterium diptheriae
Methylene blue
Female genital tract abscess
Pancreatitis
Bacteroides fragilis
Diseases caused by strep agalactiae
Neonatal meningitis, pneumonia and sepsis
Staph that causes continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD)
Coagulase negative staph
Caseous necrosis is due to
Phosphatides
Epidemic typhus
Rickettsia prowazeki
Vector of rickettsia rickettsii
Dermacentor spp.
Culture for mycobacteria
Lowenstein-Jensen medium
Causes severe croup, acute supraglottic laryngitis and meningitis (3mos -3yrs)
H.influenza
T or F: mycobacterium leprae grows better in cooler temperature closer to the skin surface.
True. Leprosy involves the cooler are of the body.
H.influenzae requires two factors for growth (both found in blood)
Factor V - NAD
Factor X - Hemin
Fevers caused by leptospira interrogans
FCPCN Fort Bragg fever Canefield fever Pretibial fever Canicola fever Nanukayami fever
Incubation period of mycobacterium tuberculosis
3-8 wks
Early congenital syphilis occurs within 2 years and is like severe secondary syphilis. What are the manifestations?
Condylomata latum
Snuffles : runny nose
Rat catcher’s yellow
Leptospira interrogans
Most common cause of meningitis in adults
Strep pneumoniae
Drug induced
Adults
Stratum germinativum
Toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN)
Bacitracin-sensitive
Strep.pyogene
Curved gram-negative rod with a single polar flagellum
Vibrio cholerae
Produces bull’s eye target colonies
Yersinia enterocolitica
Indole positive
Beta hemolytic
Ferments lactose
E.coli
Major virulence factor of strep pyogenes
M protein
Nongonoccocal urethritis (20-30%) Prostitis and epididimytis in men
Ureaplasma urealyticum
Hansen’s disease
Leprosy by mycobacterium leprae
Cellulitis on bone renderers and fish mongers
Erysipelothrix rhusfopathiae
Primary bacterial peritonitis
honeymoon cystitis
E.coli
Staghorn calculi
Proteus mirabilis
Wasserman reaction
Treponema pallidum
Q fever
Coxiella burnetti
Disease caused by group D strep
Subacute bacterial endocarditis
Biliary tract infection
Urinary tract infection
Lancet shape
Strep pneumoniae
Classic test that uses cross reacting OX strains of proteus vulgaris antigens to help confirm diagnosis of a rickettsial infection
Weil-Felix reaction
Mobiluncus
Gardnerella vaginalis
Dental plaques
Produce sulfur granules
Arachnia propionica
Severest form of leprosy where patients cannot mount CMI response to M.leprae.
Lepromatous leprosy
Group d strep has this thing that helps them bind to heart valves
Dextran
Rule of six in syphilis
Sixual transmission
6 axial filaments
6 wks incubation
6 wks for ulcer to heal
6 wks after ulcer heals,vsecondary syphilis develops
6 wks for secondary syphilis to resolve
66% of latent stage patients have resolution
6 years (at least) to develop tertiary syphilis
Human granulocytotrophic ehrlichiosis
Anaplasma phagocytophila
Stage of syphilis: chancre
Primary syphilis
Diseases caused by chlamydia trachomatis
TPL
Trachoma - corneal scarring (scar traction pulls and folds the eyelids inward so that the eyelashes rub against the conjunctiva and cornea
Pebbly conjunctiva
Lymphogranuloma venereum
Virulence factor of yersinia pestis
V and W antigen
Bacteroides fragilis infection occurs when the organism enters into the ..
Peritoneal cavity
Leonine facies if a manifestation of …
Lepromatous leprosy
Group D strep, alpha,beta,gamma-hemolytic
Enterococci (strep faecalis and faecium)
Non-enterococci ( strep bovis and equinus)
Motility of L.monocytogenes
Tumbling motility
Actin-jet motility
Comparison of rash from Rocky Mountain spotted fever and epidemic typhus
In contrast to Rocky Mountain spotted fever, epidemic typhus rash spares the palms, soles and face.
Enteric bacteria
PEKSS Proteus mirabilis E.coli Klebsiella pneumoniae Shigella dysenteriae Salmonella typhi
Syphilitic reagin
IgG and igM
Has characteristic gull wing appearance at 42 degrees in culture
Campylobacter jejuni
Crepitus positive
Gas gangrene
Food poisoning (no fever)
Clostridium perfringens
Produces golden yellow colonies
Staph aureus
No lancefield classification
Alpha-hemolytic, encapsulated
Strep pneumoniae
Culture for corynebacterium diptheriae
TELL UR InTErn not to LOEF around
- Potassium tellurite agar
- Loeffler’s medium
Late congenital syphilis is similarly to tertiary syphilis except that cardiovascular involvement rarely occurs. What are the manifestations?
8th nerve deafness (vestibulocochlear nerve)
Saber shin (tibia leads to bowing)
Mulberry or Moon’s molar (molars have too many cusps)
Hutchinson’s teeth (incisors are widely spaced with a central notch)
Clutton’s joint (symmetrical arthrosis)
Some rickettsia share antigenic characteristics with …
Proteus vulgaris
Splenic abscess
Steptoccocal species
Microaerophilic bacteria
Helicobacter and campylobacter
Spirochetes
Most common cause of post-influenzal secondary bacterial pneumonia
Staph aureus
E.coli strain that causes Hemorrhagic uremic syndrome.
E.coli O157
Japanese river typhus
Rickettsia tsutsugamushi
Nonmotile enteric
Klebsiella pneumoniae and shigella dysenteriae
Rat bite fever
By streptobacillus moniliformis
Syphilis: endarteritis obliterans (inflam of inner lining of artery)
Syphilitic aortitis
Produces cherry red colonies
Serratia mercescens
Diagnostic test for Mycoplasma pneumoniae
Cold agglutinins
Puppy feces
Pica in children
Mimics appendicitis
Yersinia enterocolitica
Tiniest free living organism capable of self-replication
Mycoplasma
Strep pneumoniae produces this enzyme for mucosal colonization
IgA protease
Toxin of Cl.tetani which inhibits release inhibitory neurotransmitters (GABA, glycine) resulting in distant muscle contraction (tetany)
Tetanospasmin
Scrub typhus
Rickettsia tsutsugamushi
Greenish discharge with fishy odor
Gardnerella vaginalis
Urease positive
Phenylalanine deaminase positive
Indole negative
Does not ferment lactose
Proteus mirabilis
Purpura fulminans
N.menigitidis
Most patient with syphilis will develop an acute worsening of their symptoms immediately aft antibiotics. What is this phenomenon?
Jarisch-Herxheimer phenomenon
Has characteristic rose spots on belly
And a tongue brown and furred
Typhoid fever /enteric fever (Salmonella typhi)
Painless genital ulcer - chancroid
Syphilis (treponema pallidum)
How many organisms of v.cholerae are required to be infected?
100-1000 organisms
Obligate anaerobes
Clostridium
Bacteroides
Toxin produced by v.cholerae
Choleragen
Organisms that cause echthyma gangrenosum
P. aeruginosa
A. Hydrophila
Diarrhea caused by yersinia enterocolitica severe abdominal pain right lower quadrant, thus it often mimics what disease?
Appendicitis (mesenteric adenitis)
Reservoir of francisella tularensis and how humans get infected
Rabbits. From bite of ticks and deerflies
Bacitracin-resistant
Strep agalactiae
Stage of syphilis: tabes dorsalis (spinal cord posterior column and dorsal root)
Tertiary syphilis
This organism us ubiquitous in natural and man-made water environments. Aerosolized contaminates water is inhaled, resulting in infection. Sources such as air conditioning units and cooling towers.
Legionella pneumophila
Purpura fulminans + asplenia
N.menigitidis. + H.influenzae
Painful genital ulcer -chancroid
H. Ducreyri
Scarlitiniform rash
Arcanobacterium hemolyticum
At risk patients of salmonella typhi
Patients who are asplenia or have nonfunctioning spleen (sickle cell anemia)
Optochin-resistant
Strep viridans
Pemphigus neonatorum
Leptospira interrogans
Used to diagnose scarlet fever
Dick test
Diagnostic test for mycobacterium tuberculosis
Montoux test
Catalase and coagulase positive
Facultative anaerobe
Staph aureus
Currant jelly sputum
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Toxin that e.coli has that inhibits protein synthesis by inactivating 60s ribosomal unit
Verotoxin
Causes brain micro abscess, pyomyositis, hematogenous and contiguous focus osteomyelitis, post op infections, Ritter’s disease, localized bullous impetigo, necrotizing and nodular pneumonia
Staph aureus
Honey colored crusting
Staph aureus
Stage of syphilis: condylomata latum
Secondary syphilis
“Bull neck”
Corynebacterium diptheriae
3 most common causes of diarrhea in the world
Campylobacter jejuni
ETEC
Rotavirus
Opthalmia neonatorum
Fitz-Hugh-Curtis syndrome
PROM
N. gonorrheae
Proteus mirabilis cross reacts with _____ species
Rickettsiae species
Yersinia enterocolitica is closely related to yersinia pestis that causes bubonic plague. Their difference is in the mode of transmission.
Yersinia pestis: bite of a flea
Yersinia enterocolitis: fecal-oral route
Walking pneumoniae
Chlamydia pneumoniae or mycoplasma pneumoniae
Cat bite fever
Pasteurella multocida
Subungual hemorrhage
In s.aureus endocarditis
Osler’s node
Torulosis
Aseptic meningitis
Cryptococcus neoformans
Superficial fungal infection
Pityriasis versicolor
Tinea nigra
Fungal infection of the body
Tinea corporis
Unicellular growth form of fungi
Yeast
Coccidiodes immitis causes what diseases
San Joaquin fever
Desert rheumatism
Pilot’s wheel
Paracoccidiodes brasilensis
Can be found in pigeon droppings
Cryptococcus neoformans
Cigar-shape yeast
Sporothrix schenckii
Essential sterol in fungi
Ergosterol
Fungal infection of the groin and scrotum
Tinea cruris
T or F: spores can be transmitted from person to person
False. Never, it can be acquired thru inhalation as a spore.
Most common cns fungal infection
Cryptococcus neoformans
Subcutaneous-fungal infections gain entrance to the body following…
Trauma to the skin
Cottage cheese vaginal discharge
Candida albicans
The key to diagnosis of this fungus is doing a lumbar puncture and analyzing the CSF. An India ink test is positive.
Cryptococcus neoformans
Fungi that can grow as either a yeast or mold, depending on environmental conditions and temperature (usually growing as a yeast at body temperatures).
Dimorphic fungi
Coccidiodes immitis can be stained by
India ink
Diseases caused by Candida albicans
Diaper rush
Oral thrush
Vaginitis
Fungal infection (previously protozoa) common in AIDS
Pneumocystis jiroveci
Microorg that causes sporotrichosis
Sporothrix schenckii
Encapsulated yeasts
Cryptococcus neoformans
Madura foot
Pseudallescheria boydii
Cryptococcus neoformans is found in nature, especially in.
Pigeon droppings
Antifungal drug that inhibits ergosterol synthesis
Ketoconazole
Culture for fungi
Saborauds agar
Broad-based budding yeast
Blastomyces
Black nasal discharge + sinusitis
Mucormycosis / rhizopus
Fungal infection of the hair (scalp)
Tinea capitis
Systemic fungal infection.
Blastomycosis
Coccidiodomycosis
Infection from plant part trauma
Sporothrix schenckii
Category of cutaneous fungal infection where fungi live in the dead, horny layer of skin, hair and nails.
Dermathophytic cells
Primary manifestation of superficial fungal infections
Pigment change of the skin
Stain for pneumocystis jiroveci
Silver stain
When examined under microscope, the pus draining from the abscess of actinomyces infection reveals yellow granules called..
Sulfur granules
Subcutaneous fungal infection
Sporotrichosis
Chromoblastomycosis
Produces pseudohyphae
Candida albicans
Treatment for pneumocystis jiroveci
Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole
Non budding spherioles
Coccidiodes immitis
Fungus ball in the brain abscess
Aspergillus fumigatus
Eucaryotic cells that lack chlorophyll so they cannot generate thru photosynthesis. They do require aerobic environment.
Fungi
First line drugs for treatment of dermatophytoses
Topical imidazole
Reproducing bodies of molds.
Spore
Arthroconidia
Coccidiodes immitis
Fungus that has no ergosterol
Pneumocystis jiroveci
The fungi-like bacteria
Actinomyces
Nocardia
Broad hyphae invading blood vessels walls
Mucormycosis / rhizopus
Pityriasis versicolor is caused by..
Malassezia furfur
Multicellular colonies composed of clumps of intertwined branching hyphae
Molds
Fungi that live in and utilize organic matter (soil, rotten vegetation) as an energy source.
Saprophytes
Antifungal drug that destroys cm (ergosterol)
Amphiteracin B and nystatin
Causes oral thrush
Candida albicans
Rarest systemic fungal infection
Blastomyces
Fungal infection of the foot
Tinea pedis
Most common in chronic sinusitis
Aspergillus fumigatus
Fungal infection of the nails
Tinea unguium (onchomycosis)
Treatment for tinea capitis and tinea unguium
Oral griseofulvin
Rose gardener’s disease
Sporotrichosis. (Sporothrix schenckii)
Treatment for actinomyces and nocardia
SNAP
Sulfamethoxazole for Nocardia
Actinomyces is Pen G
Causes desert rheumatism and San Joaquin fever
Coccidioides immitis
Fungi can look like spaghetti (hyphae) and meat balls (spherical yeast)
Malassezia furfur
T or F: Cryptococcus neoformans is associated with AIDS.
True
Dichotomous branching hyphae
Aspergillus fumigatus
Lumpy jaw
Actinomyces Israeli
Dermatophytic cells secreted an enzyme called…
Keratinase
Treatment for Cryptococcus neoformans
Amphotericin B
Fluconazole (or flucytosine)
Lipophylic yeast
Malassezia furfur
