microbio - helminths Flashcards
Roundworms
Nematodes
T or F: within the normal human host, there is no immune reaction to living worms
True
Flatworms
Platyhelminthes
Intestinal nematodes that are acquired thru ingestion of eggs
Ascaris lumbricoides Trichuris trichiura (whipworm) Enterobius vermicularis (pinworm)
Intestinal nematodes that are acquired when their larvae penetrate the skin, usually of the foot
Necator americanus (hookworm) Strongyloides stercoralis
Intestinal nematode that is acquired by ingestion of encysted larvae in muscle (pork meat)
Trichinella spiralis
Nematodes that has larval form that migrates through the tissue and into the lung at some stage of their life cycle. The larvae grow in the lung, are coughed up and swallowed into the intestine, where they grow into adult worms.
Ascaris lumbricoides
Necator americanus
Strongyloides stercoralis
Scariest worm
Ascaris lumbricoides
Largest intestinal nematode
Ascaris lumbricoides
Tramway sign in X-ray
Ascaris lumbricoides
Nematode that causes loeffler’s syndrome -pneumonitis
Ascaris lumbricoides
Dot sign
Ascaris lumbricoides
Produces large eosinophilic exudates
Ascaris lumbricoides
Ascaris lumbricoides and Necator americanus have very similar life cycle, they differ only in the path that each larvae form takes to reach the lung:
Necator americanus: foot to lung
Ascaris lumbricoides: intestine to lung
New world hookworm
Necator americanus
Cutting plates
Necator americanus
Fasciolopsis buski
Cat/dog hookworm
Ancyclostoma braziliensis
Form of larva that can penetrate the skin (n.americanus and s.stercoralis)
Filariform larva
Cutaneous larva migrans aka creeping eruption (intensely pruritic, migratory skin infection)
Ancyclostoma braziliensis
Cochin china diarrhea
Strongyloides stercoralis
Has indirect and direct cycle and
Autoinfection where filariform larvae develop and penetrate intestinal wall
Strongyloides stercoralis
Principal host of Strongyloides stercoralis
Man
Diagnostic test for Strongyloides
Filter paper strip procedure
Agar plate method
Baermann’s technique
Treatment for Strongyloides stercoralis infection
Albendazole
Can be acquired thru ingestion of undercooked meat where in the encysted larvae of nematode live in striated muscle
Trichinella spiralis
May cause periorbital edema
Trichinella spiralis
Nurse cells
Trichinella spiralis
Whipworm
Trichuris trichiura
No filariform larvae stage, no tissue invasion, no lung involvement and the eosinophilic count is not elevated
Trichuris trichiura
Enterobius vermicularis
In trichuris trichiura, there is no auto infection, why is that?
Since the eggs must incubate in moist soil for 3-6weeks before they become infective.
Rectal prolapse
Trichuris trichiura
Lemon-shaped egg
Trichuris trichiura
Bipolar plugs
Trichuris trichiura
The life cycle of trichuris trichiura is
Slow
Causes Pruritus ani (perianal itching)
Enterobius vermicularis
Pin worm / seat worm
Enterobius vermicularis
Diagnostic test for Enterobius vermicularis infection
Scotch tape test on the perianal area
Cellophane tape swab
Pinworms mature in..
Cecum and ascending intestine
Vector of onchocerca volvulus
Black fly or buffalo gnat
Simulium flies
Black river blindness
Onchocerca volvulus
“Mal morado” or “erisipelas de la costa”
Onchocerca volvulus
The thickened skin may appear dry, scaly and thick (LEOPARD SKIN)
Onchocerca volvulus
Hanging groin
Onchocerca volvulus
“Craw-craw or “sowda”
Onchocerca volvulus
Reaction to proteins released by dying onchocerca, including fevers, rashes, ocular damage, joint and muscle pain, and lymphangitis as well as hypotension, pyrexia, respiratory distress, and prostration.
Drug reaction to DEC diethylcarbamazine
Mazzoti reaction
Infective stage of onchocerca volvulus in man
Micro filariae
Treatment for onchocerciasis
DEC diethylcarbamazine
Differentiate in dermal nodule
Onchocerca volvulus
Filariasis is caused by
Wuchereria bancrofti
Brugia malayi
Transmitted by genus mansonia
Brugia malayi
Vector of filariasis
Culex, aedes poicilus, and anopheles flavirostis mimimus mosquito
Filariasis, a wuchereria bancrofti and brugia malayi infection, causes what manifestations?
Elephantiasis
Elephantoid fever
Topical pulmonary eosinophilia
Filariasis
Treatment for filariasis
Ivermectin
Diethylcarbamazine DEC
Infective stage of filariasis in man
Microfilariae
Blood and tissue nematodes
Onchocerca volvulus
Wuchereria bancrofti and brugia malayi
Adult worms of blood and tissue nematodes lives in
Lymphatic tissue
Blood and tissue nematodes spread by ..
Bite of arthropod
Guinea worm
Dracunculus medinensis
Fiery serpents that plagued the Israelites by the Red Sea
Dracunculus medinensis
Infective stage of dracunculus medinensis to man
Microfilariae in Copepods
T or F: flatworms does not have digestive tract
True
Flukes
Trematodes
Tapeworms
Cestodes
A group of Platyhelminthes that live and mate within digestive tract
Cestodes
A group of Platyhelminthes that is hermaphroditic (has male and female sex organs)
Cestodes
T or F: all flukes have a water snail species as an intermediate host
True
Intermediate host of Trematodes
Snail
Blood fluke
Schistosoma
Mature schistosomal larva that infects human
Cercariae
Treatment for Cestodes and Trematodes infection
Praziquantel
Schistosomes
S. haematobium
S. japonicum
S. mansoni
Resides in veins surrounding the bladder and deposits egg in urine.
Causes urinary bladder carcinoma
Terminal spine
Schistosoma haematobium
Schistosoma that resides in intestinal tract and deposits eggs in feces.
Small lateral spine.
Schistosoma japonicum
Schistosoma that resides in intestinal tract and deposits eggs in feces.
Prominent lateral spine
Schistosoma mansoni
Manifests:
Katayama reaction (fever) as a result of the grown adults laying their eggs.
Swimmer’s itch as a result of penetration of cercaria on the swimmer’s skin.
Claystem/pipe stem fibrosis
Schistosoma japonicum
Schistosoma with Non-operculated ovum
Schistosoma japonicum
Diagnostic test for schistosoma
Kato’s thick-smear method
Vector of schistosoma japonicum
Onchomelania quadrasi
Test for schistosoma cercariae
Circum oval precipitin test (COPT)
Box-like segments of tapeworm
Proglottids
The most anterior segment of tapeworm, which has suckers or sometimes hook
Scolex
___proglottids that has the male and female sex organs
Mature proglottids
___proglottids that contains the fertilized eggs
Gravid proglottids
Pork tapeworm
Taenia solium
Beef tapeworm
Taenia saginata
Length of pork tapeworm
2-8meters
Occurs when humans take the role of pigs and ingest eggs rather than the encysted larvae
Cysticercosis
Has rostellar hooks
Taenia solium
4 suckers and circle of hooks
Taenia solium
Causes neurocysticercosis
Taenia solium
Most common sequela of neurocysticercosis
Seizure
Pathognomonic sign of taenia solium infection
Migrating intraventricular cyst
Fish tapeworm
Diphyllobothrium latum
Causes vitamin b12 deficiency to megaloblastic anemia
Diphyllobothrium latum
Intermediate hosts of diphyllobothrium latum
Crustaceans and fish
Max length of diphyllobothrium latum
45 meters
Ova with operculum
Has elongated sucking grooves
Diphyllobothrium latum
The larvae of diphyllobothrium latum is called..
Plerocercoid / sparganum
Positive uterine rosette
Spirometra
Diphyllobothrium latum
Smallest tapeworm (15-55mm) Dwarf tapeworm
Hymenolepis nana
Infective stage of hymenolepis nana
Eggs are directly infectious to humans
Tapeworm that is Endemic in Philippines
Hymenolepis nana
Rat tapeworm
Hymenolepis diminuta
Causes hydatid disease, an extra-intestinal tapeworm infection
Echinococcus granulosus
Dog tapeworm
Echinococcus granulosus
It causes anaphylactic shock when the hydatid cyst bursts
Echinococcus granulosus
Diagnostic test in echinococcus granulosus infection
Casoni’s skin test
Treatment for echinococcus granulosus
Albendazole
Brood capsules
Liver cysts
Echinococcus granulosus
Rat lungworms
Angiostrongylus cantonensis
Causes radiculomyeloencephalitis
Angiostrongylus cantonensis
Barber’s pole
Angiostrongylus cantonensis
Anisakis sp. transmission
Acquired thru ingestion of raw seafoods
Acquired thru ingestion of raw seafoods
Anisakis sp.
Pudoc worm
Capillaria philippinensis
Causes borborygmi (rumbling and gurgling noise in intestine) and diarrhea
Capillaria philippinensis
Resemble gastric carcinoma
Anisakis sp.
Chinese liver fluke
Clonorchis sinensis
Disease caused by clonorchis sinensis
Cholangicarcinoma
Garrison fluke
Echinostoma ilocanum
Collarette of spine
Echinostoma ilocanum
Intermediate host of Echinostoma ilocanum
Pila luzonica
Endemic in Philippines
Hymenolepis nana
Echinostoma ilocanum
Giant intestinal fluke
Fasciolopsis buski
Egg hen shape ova
Fasciolopsis buski
Mode of transmission of fasciolopsis buski
Eating aquatic vegetation carrying the cysts
Bamboo shoots and water chestnuts
Treatment of fasciolopsis buski
Praziquantel
Fluke that is Endemic in Philippines
Echinostoma ilocanum
Sheep liver fluke
Sheep liver rot
Fasciola hepatica
Treatment for fasciola hepatica
Bithionol
Transmission of fasciola hepatica
Eating watercress contaminated with metacercariae
Fascio hepatica excysts in..
Duodenum
Cephalic cone
Halzoun
Fascio hepatica
Eating raw fish containing cysts
Causes cardiac beriberi / cardiac failure
Heterophyses heterophyses
African eye worm
Loa loa
Intermediate host of loa loa
Deer fly
Infective stage of loa loa
Micro filariae
Treatment for loa loa infection
Ivermectin
Diethylcarbamazine
Causes calabar swelling or fugitive swelling
Crawling across the conjunctiva
Loa loa
Lung fluke
Paragonimus westermani
Acquired when ingested undercooked crabs/crayfish
Ova with operculum
Hemoptysis
Paragonimus westermani
Dog roundworms
Toxocarca canis
Visceral larva migrans
Toxocarca canis
Diagnostic test for toxocarca canis
Casoni skin test
Treatment for toxocarca canis infection
Diethylcarbamazine
Diagnostic test for trichinosis
Bentonite floccukation test
For egg counting
Stoll’s technique
