Topic 9 - Neutrophil and basophil granulocytes

Question 1

Words to include

Answer 1

• White blood cells
• Immune system
• Bone marrow
  
  • Lymphocytes (ø)
• Leukocytosis
  
  • Bacterial infection
  • Viral infection
  • Parasitic infection
  • Inflammatory processes
• Leukopenia
  
  • Radioactive radiation
  • Mushroom-toxins
  • Medications
• White blood cell data
  
  • Neutrophilic type
    
    • Agranulocytes (30%)
    • Granulocytes (60%)
    • Horses
    • Carnivores
  • Lymphocytic type
    
    • Agranulocytes (60%)
    • Granulocytes (30%)
    • Ruminant
    • Swine
    • Bird

Neutrophil granulocytes

• Nucleus
  
  • Matured
    
    • Segmented
  • Middle aged
    
    • Elongated
  • Young
    
    • Beanshaped
• Cytoplasm, granules
  
  • Light pink cytoplasm / purple-red
  • Neutrophil (80%)
  • Asurophil (20%)
• Granules
  
  • Lysosomes
    
    • Enzymes in granules
      
      • Lysozyme
      • Myeloperozidase
      • Superoxide-dismutase
      • Acidic phosphate
      • Alkaline phosphate
      • Nuclease
      • Protease
• Cellular immunity
  
  • Phagocytosis
  • Foreign body
  • Immediate effect
• Polymorphonuclear cells (PMN cells)
• Circulation (6-7 days)
• Tissue (2-3 days)
• Extravascular fraction
  
  • Bone marrow
  • Spleen
  • Mobilization
    
    • Leukocytosis
• Development stages:
  
  • “Shift to the left” in the blood count
    
    • Forced hematopoiesis
    • Presence of fresh (acute) infection
  • “Shift to the right” in the blood count
    
    • Incomplete hematopoiesis
    • Presence of aged neutrophil granulocytes
• Migration
  
  • Actively move/migrate
  • Actin chains
    
    • Building up
    • Dissociation
  • Actin polymerization actin fibers
  • Contractile acin bundles
    
    • “Stress” thread
  • Gel-forming actin bundels
    
    • Cell cortex
  • Thightly united actin bundles
    
    • Philopodium
  • Philopodium
• Phagocytosis
  
  • Endocytosis
  • Engulf molecules
  • LDL
    
    • LDL uptake
    • LDL receptors
    • Clathrin binding site
    • Clathrin coated pit
    • Clathrin coated vesicle
  • Stage 1
    
    • Phagocyte
    • Cell/receptor
    • Lysosome
    • Nucleus
    • Actin cortex
    • Forgein body
      
      • Bacterium
    • Binding place on the forgein body’s surface
  • Stage 2
    
    • Actin directed border forming
    • Ligand binding
    • Actin dependent forming of pseudopodia
  • Stage 3
    
    • Internalisation
    • Actin-binding
    • Synthesis of fusogenic proteins
  • Stage 4
    
    • Phagosome synthesis
  • Stage 5
    
    • Phago-lysosome synthesis
  • Stage 6
    
    • Digestion
    • Residual body synthesis
    • Oxidative “burst”
    • Killing pathogenic agent
      
      • “Respiratory burst”
        
        • NADPH-oxidase
        • SOD
        • MPO (Myeloperoxidase)
• Oposination
• Immune adherence
  
  • Fc part of antibody (IgG)
  • Fc receptor
  • Phagocytosis ↑
  • Antigen

Basophil granulocytes

• Nucleus
  
  • Hardly segmented
• Cytoplasm, granules
  
  • Large, blue granules
• Enzymes in granules
  
  • Hyaluronidase
  • Proteases
  • Myeloperoxidase
• Content
  
  • Histamine
  • Heparin
  • Serotonin
• Help immune reactions
  
  • Loosen the tissue where antigens are present
  • Stimulates elimination of antigens
• Phagocytosis (ø)
• Endocytosis (almost ø)
• Extravasal fraction
  
  • Mast cells
• Degranulation
  
  • IgE type antibodies
  • Antigen binds to IgE
    
    • Degranulation
  • Extreme degranulation
    
    • Pathological damage
    • Allergy
  • Antigen effect
    
    • Specific way
    • Non-specific way
      
      • C3a complement factor
      • C3b complement factor
      • Heparin
        
        • Prevents coagulation
        • Anaphylaxis (SRS-A)
          
          • Inflammation
    • Antigen + antibody complement
      
      • Normal response: tissues loosen
      • Pathological response: anaphylaxis

Question 2

Topics to include in the essay

Answer 2

1. White blood cells
   2.

Question 3

What type of blood cells are neutrophil and basophil granulocytes, and what are their role?

Answer 3

White blood cells

Elements of the immune system

Question 4

Where are white blood cells developed?

Answer 4

In the bone marrow

They access the different tissues through the blood circulation where they exert their effect

Question 5

Name and cause of:

1. Increased number of WBC
2. Decreased number of WBC

Answer 5

1. Leukocytosis, caused by:
   
   • Bacterial infection
   • Viral infection
   • Parasitic infection
   • Inflammatory processes
2. Leukopenia, caused by:
   
   • Radioactive radiation
   • Mushroom-toxins
   • Medications

Question 6

White blood cells, standard data

Answer 6

• Neutrophilic type:
  
  • ​30% agranulocytes
  • 60% granulocytes
  • Hose and carnivore
• Lymphocytic type:
  
  • ​60% agrunalocytes
  • 30% granulocytes
  • Ruminants, swine, bird
• Average number: 5-15 x 10⁹/l

Question 7

Neutrophil granulocytes

Cytoplasm, granules

Answer 7

• Light pink cytoplasm / purple-red
• Types:
  
  • Neutrophil: 80%
  • Asurophil: 20%
• The granules are lysosomes that contain the enzymes necessary for perishing and digesting the particles of bacteria, fungi and viruses phagocytated by the cell

Question 8

Neutrophil granulocytes

Give the enzymes in the granules

Answer 8

• Lysozyme
• Myeloperoxidase
• Superoxide-dismutase
• Acid and alkaline phosphate
• Nuclease
• Protease

Question 9

Neutrophil granulocytes

Role

Answer 9

• Neutrophil granulocytes are the most important elements of the cellular immunity:
  
  • Proceed a very effective phagocytosis
  • Do not need previous meeting with the foreign body for its recognition and elimination
  • Display their effect immediately
• Polymorphonuclear cells (PMN cells)

Question 10

Neutrophil granulocytes

Lifetime

Answer 10

• Circulation: 6-7 hours
• Tissues: 2-3 days

Question 11

Neutrophil granulocytes

Fractions

Answer 11

• Circulating fraction: small
  
  • Adhered to the inner wall of vessels
• Extravascular fraction:
  
  • Location
    
    • ​Bone marrow
    • Spleen
  • Mobilization: leukocytosis

Question 12

Neutrophil granulocytes

Development stages

Answer 12

• Nucleus depends on the maturity of the cell:
  
  • Matured: segmented
  • Middle aged: elongated
  • Young: bean-shaped
• “Shift to the left” in the blood count:
  
  • ​Forced hematopoiesis, presence of fresh (acute) infection
• “Shift to the right” in the blood count:
  
  • Presence of aged neutrophil granulocytes, incomplete hematopoiesis

Question 13

Neutrophil granulocytes

Migration

Answer 13

• Neutrophils are able to actively move/migrate
• Movement is based on building up and dissociation of actin chains
• As a result of actin polymerization actin fibers are continuously formed in the cell
  
  • These fibers are divided into groups for different tasks by the quality of the actin binding proteins:​
    
    • ​Contractile actin bundles​
    • Gel-forming actin bundles
    • Tightly united actin bundles
  • This bundle is constantly built on the end closer to the plasma membrane and constantly degraded on the end of the actin chain closer to the nucleus

Question 14

Neutrophil granulocytes

Phagoctosis

Answer 14

• Neutrophil granulocytes are able to:
  
  • Take up bigger particles
  • Engulf molecules
• Example of phagocytosis: LDL uptake
• Step 1:
  
  • ​Binding
  • Participants:
    
    • Phagocyte
    • Cell/receptor
    • Lysosome
    • Nucleus
    • Actin cortex
    • Foreign body
    • Binding place on the foreign body’s surface
• Step 2:
  
  • ​Actin directed border forming
  • Ligand binding and actin depedent forming of pseudopodia
• Step 3:
  
  • ​Internalization by the help of actin and other fusogenic proteins
  • Actin-binding and synthesis of fusogenic proteins
• Step 4:
  
  • ​Phagosome synthesis
• Step 5:
  
  • ​Phago-lysosome synthesis
• Step 6:
  
  • ​Digestion and residual body synthesis
  • Oxidative “burst” and digestion
    
    • ​”Respiratory burst”: killing of the pathogenic agent
      
      • ​1^st enzymatic step: NADPH-oxidase
      • 2^nd enzymatic step: SOD (superoxide dismutase)
      • 3^rd enzymatic step: MPO (myeloperoxidase)

Question 15

Neutrophil granulocytes

Define opsonisation

Answer 15

• Opsonisation:
  
  • ​Substances in the blood plasma (complement factors) that can bind foreign antigens similarly to immunoglobulins
  • They bind with the neutrophil granulocytes and stimulates the phagocytosis

Question 16

Neutrophil granulocytes

Define immune adherence

Answer 16

• Immune adherence:
  
  • ​The specific immunoglobulin (IgG) able to bind the antigen is present already and binds the antigen
  • Because of this specific binding, the Fc part of the IgG binds this complex to the Fc receptor of the neutrophil granulocyte
  • Result: Increased phagocytosis

Question 17

Basophil granulocytes

Cytoplasm, granules

Answer 17

Large, blue granules / Purple

High number

Question 18

Basophil granulocytes

Give the enzymes in the granules

Answer 18

• Hyaluronidase (specific)
• Proteases
• myeloperoxidase

Question 19

Basophil granulocytes

Content in the cytoplasm (besides the enzymes)

Answer 19

• Histamine
• Serotonin
• Heparin

Question 20

Basophil granulocytes

Main role

Answer 20

• Help the immune reactions:
  
  • They loosen the tissues where the antigens are present so the other defense elements can more easily get to the place of infection
  • Stimulates the elimination of antigens
• Circulation fraction is small:
  
  • No phagocytosis
  • Almost no endocytosis
• Extravasal fraction:
  
  • Mast cells can be found in the tissues
  • Loosen the tissues​

Question 21

Basophil granulocytes

Degranulation

Answer 21

• Basophil granulocytes bind IgE type antibodies on their surface
• In case an antigen binds to the IgE, the cell quickly releases its enzyme-supply to the environment:
  
  • Degranulation occurs
• The released enzymes loosen the environment and give space to additional immune processes
• Extreme degranulation: Pathological damage, allergy
• Specific way of degranulation:
  
  • ​Released materials:
    
    • Histamine
    • Heparin
    • Hyaluronidase
  • The released materials loosen the tissue → the defense materials can enter the interstitium
• Nonspecific way of degranulation:
  
  • Basophil granulocytes cause inflammation
  • ​Degranulation is stimulated by:
    
    • C3a complement factor
    • C3b complement factor