Topic 51 - Food intake, salivary secretion, process of swallowing Flashcards

1
Q

Words to include in food intake

A
  • Chewing
  • Brain stem
  • Reflex inhibition
  • Stretch receptors
  • Stretch reflex
  • Bolus
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2
Q

Words to include in process of swallowing

A
  • Mouth
  • Pharynx
  • Espohagus
  • Stomach
  • Larynx
  • Glottis
  • Epiglottis
  • Pharyngoesophagial sphinter
  • Bolus
  • Contraction
  • Relaxation
  • Voluntarly
  • Reflex mechanism (involutarly)
  • Saliva
  • Peristaltic wave
  • Pillars of fauces
  • Tonsils
  • Soft palate
  • Tongue
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3
Q

Words to include in saliva

A
  • Serous secretion
    • Parotid gland
    • Mandibular gland
  • Mucous secretion
    • Buccal gland
    • Labial gland
  • Seromucous secretion
    • Sublingual gland
  • Enzymes
  • Ptyalin (α-amylase) (pig, rabbit, rat)
  • Lipase (young ru)
  • Iodine
  • Heavy metals
  • IgA
  • Lysozyme
  • Urea (ru)
  • 1-4 glycosidic bonds
  • Mucin
  • Mucinous salivary glands
  • Acinous glands
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4
Q

Words to include in salivary secretion

A
  • Bi-phasic process
  • Acini
  • Tubules
  • Filtration
  • Secretion
  • Diffusion
  • Reabsorption
  • Double capillarization
  • Primary secretion
  • Secondary secretion
  • pH
  • Taste buds
  • Olfactory epithelium
  • Hearing/vision
  • Hypothalamus
  • Salivary reflex
  • Na+
  • Cl-
  • Phosphate (Ru)
  • HCO3. (bicarobonate) (Ru)
  • Ptyalin
  • Mucin
  • Parasympathetic saliva
    • Atropinge
    • Muscarine receptors
    • Acetylcholine
    • IP3 activating system
  • Sympathetic saliva
    • Noradrenaline
    • cAMP system
  • Aldosterone
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5
Q

Topics to include in the essay

A
  1. Food intake
  2. Process of chewing
    • Figure
  3. Process of swallowing
  4. Saliva
    • Role of saliva
    • Composition of saliva
    • Salivary secretion
      • Glands secreting saliva
      • Primary and secondary saliva
      • pH of saliva
      • Regulation of salivary secretion
        • Parasymp. and symp. saliva
      • Aldosterone
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6
Q

Food intake in different species

A
  • Cats
    • Eat regularly in smaller amounts
    • They may use their front-paws to grab the food
  • Dogs
    • Eat quickly, and great amounts on one occasion
    • They may use paws
  • Pigs
    • Use nose ring to nuzzle and grab the food with the help of their extended lower lip
  • Horses
    • Encircle food with their lips, and bite it of with their corner teeth
  • Ruminants
    • Pull food with the tongue, and press it against their lower incisors and the dental plate to tear it off
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7
Q

Process of chewing, figure

A
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8
Q

Process of swallowing

A
  • Arrange sequence of motions in the mouth, pharynx and the esophagus
    • Passes the bolus from the mouth to the stomach
  • Controlled contractions and relaxations of the muscles
  • Receptors are found in:
    • Pillars of fauces
    • Tonsils
    • Soft palate and tongue

Phase 1:

  1. Bolus from oral cavity → pharynx
    • Swallowing begins voluntarily
    • Fragments of feed are mixed with saliva and forms bolus
    • Soft palate rises and closes the nasopharyngeal opening
    • Breathing is inhibited
    • Larynx rises and the glottis closes
    • Involuntarly
  2. Bolus from pharynx → esophagus
    • Soft palate rises and closes the dorsal opening of the nasal-pharyngeal cavity
    • Breathing is inhibited
    • Larynx rises and the glottis closes
  3. Passing bolus in esophagus
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9
Q

Role of saliva

A
  1. Digestion:
    • Chewing
    • Swallowing
    • Bolus formation
  2. Taste sensation
  3. Mouth hygiene
  4. Ru: Buffer capacity of the forestomach
  5. Ru: antifoaming
    • Inhibits formation of small gas bubbles (foam)
  6. Car: thermoregulation (panting)
  7. In the mouth:
    • Moisten
    • Washing off bacteria
    • Antibodies (IgA, IgG)
    • Bacteriolytic enzymes
      • E.g. Lysozyme
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10
Q

Glands and secretion

A
  • Serous
    • Parotid gland
    • Mandibular gland
    • Contains ptyalin
    • Cleaves the 1-4 glycosidic bonds of carbohydrates
  • Mucous
    • Buccal gland
    • Labial gland
    • Contains mucin
  • Seromucous
    • Sublingual gland
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11
Q

Primary saliva secretion

A
  • Produced by:
    • Diffusion
    • Secretion
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12
Q

Secondary saliva secretion

A

Electrolytes composing the primary saliva is changed in the tubules

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13
Q

Saliva secretion activation

A
  • Activated by a unconditional reflex mechanism
  • Generated by receptors:
    • Taste buds of the tongue
    • Olfactory epithelium
    • Hearing/vision
  • Sense stimulus → higher centers → hypothalamus → salivary reflex
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14
Q

pH of saliva

A
  • Monogastric animals: 7.2
    • pH is equal with the blood pH
  • Ruminants: 8.2
    • High buffer capacity of the saliva
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15
Q

Interspecies saliva secretion

  1. Highest amount
  2. Lowest amount
A
  1. Highest: cattle (60-180 l/day)
  2. Lowest:
    1. Chicken
    2. Sheep
    3. Pig
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16
Q

Regulation of salivary secretion

A
  • Parasympathetic saliva
    • Produce high amount of saliva, poor in mucin, slightly viscous
      • Can be blocked by atropine
    • ​Acetylcholine binds to muscarine receptors, via the IP3 activating system
    • Increases IC Ca2+ → Increases Cl- and Na+ secretion to lumen
  • Sympathetic saliva
    • Small amount of saliva, rich in mucin, viscosity is high
    • By noradrenaline
    • Stimulated by cAMP system
  • Aldosterone
    • Aldosteroneconcentration of blood modifies theNa+ absorptionin thetubules