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Physiology final exam > Topic 13 - Organs of the immune system; natural immunity and the complement system > Flashcards

Topic 13 - Organs of the immune system; natural immunity and the complement system Flashcards

1
Q

Words to include in organs of the immune system

A
  • Primary lymphatic organs (central)
    • Lymphocytes
    • Stem cells
    • B-cells
    • T-cells
    • Thymus
    • Bursa (B-quivalents):
      • Embryonic liver and bonemarrow
    • Bone marrow
    • Thymus
  • Secondary lympohid tissue (peripheral)
    • EC fluid
    • Lymph
    • Tissue fluid
    • Blood
    • Lymphocytes
    • Lymph nodes
    • Spleen
    • MALT (Mucosa Associated Lymphatic Tissue)
    • GALT (Gut Associated Lymphatic Tissue)
    • Peyer’s patches
    • Tonsils
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2
Q

Words to include in natural immunity

A
  • Innate
  • Complement factors
  • Heat shock proteins
  • Fc receptors
  • Inflammatory cytokines, histamine
  • Macrophages
  • Granulocytes DC
  • None antigen specific
  • Immunological memory (ø)
  • Immediate response
  • Linear amplification
  • Toll-like receptors
  • Macrophages
    • Digestive enzymes
      • Proteases
      • Myeloperoxidase
      • Superoxidase-dismutase
      • Acid and alkaline phosphatase
    • Monocyte
    • Phagocytosis
    • Phagocytic
    • Inflammatory response
  • NK cells (Natural Killer Cells)
    • MHC-AG complex (ø binding)
    • Killer inhibitory receptors
      • MHC molecules
    • Killer activating receptor
      • Perforin
      • Granzymes
  • Granulocytes
    • Neutrophil granulocytes
      • Lysozyme
      • Myeloperoxidase
      • Superoxidase-dismutase
      • Acidic and alkaline phosphate
    • Hetrophil granulocytes
    • Esinophil granulocytes
      • Histamine
      • Acidic and alkaline phosphate
      • Eosinophil basic protein
      • Eosinophil cationic protein
    • Basophil granulocytes
      • Hyaluronidase
      • Proteases
  • Dendritic cells
    • Toll receptor
    • Tol-like receptor
    • Adaptive immune system
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3
Q

Words to include in the complement system

A
  • Non-specific humoral immune response
  • Cellular immunity
  • Alternaltive pathway
    • Pathogen surfaces
  • Classic pathway
    • Antigen:antibody complexes
    • Peptide mediators
    • Phagocyte recruitment
  • Mannose binding lectin activated
    • Oligosaccharides
    • Pathogen surfaces
  • Autocatalytic process
    • Membrane drill
  • Intrinsic abillity
  • Lyse
  • Bacterial membrane
  • Chemotaxis
  • Phagocytes
  • Opsonozation
  • Bacterial phagocytosis
  • Inflammation
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4
Q

Organs of the immune system

Give the organs of the immune system

A
  • Primary lymphatic organs (central):
    • Thymus
    • Bursa
  • Secondary lymphoid tissue (peripheral):
    • Lymph nodes
    • Spleen
    • MALT (Mucosa Associated Lymh Tissue)
    • GALT (Gut Associated Lymh Tissue)
    • Peyer’s patches
    • Tonsils
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5
Q

Organs of the immune system

Primary lymphatic organs (central)

A
  • Primary lymphatic organs are where the lymphocytes are formed and mature
  • They provide an environment for stem cells to divide and mature into B-cells and T-cells
    • Both T-cells and B-cells are born in the bone marrow
    • However:
      • B-cells mature in the bone marrow
      • T-cells migrate to the thymus to mature
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6
Q

Organs of the immune system

Seconday lymphoid tissues (peripheral)

A
  • Secondary lymphoid tissues are arranged as a series of filters monitoring the contents of the EC fluids:
    • Lymph
    • Tissue fluid
    • Blood
  • Secondary lymphoid tissues are also where lymphocytes are activated
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7
Q

Natural immunity

What are the forms of immunity?

A
  1. Innate immunity (natural)
  2. Adaptive immunity (acquired)
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8
Q

Natural immunity

Main molecular components of natural immunity

A
  • Complement factors and their receptors
  • Heat shock proteins
  • Fc receptors
  • Inflammatory cytokines, histamine
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9
Q

Natural immunity

Functional characteristics

A
  • None antigen specific
  • No immunological memory
  • Results in immediate response
  • Linear amplification of the reaction
  • Less effective
  • Activated by Toll-like receptors
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10
Q

Natural immunity

Cells of the innate immune system

A
  • Macrophages
  • Natural killer cells
  • Granulocytes
    • Neutrophil granulocytes (mammals)
    • Hetrophil granulocytes (birds)
    • Eosinophil granulocytes
    • Basophil granulocytes
  • Dendritic cells
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11
Q

Natural immunity

Neutrophil granulocytes, enzymes of the granules

A
  • Lysozyme
  • Myeloperoxidase
  • Superoxide-dismutase
  • Acid and alkaline phosphate
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12
Q

Natural immunity

Eosinophil granulocytes - enzymes of the granules

A
  • Histamine
  • Acid and alkaline phosphatase
  • Eosinophil basic protein
  • Eosinophil cationic protein
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13
Q

Natural immunity

Basophil granulocytes, enzymes of the granules

A
  • Hyaluronidase
  • Proteases
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14
Q

Natural immunity

Macrophage, digestive enzymes

A
  • Proteases
  • Myeloperoxidase
  • Superoxide-dismutase
  • Acid and alkaline phosphatase
  • Digestive enzymes is important in fighting against bacteria and ingest cells by phagocytosis
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15
Q

Natural immunity

Macrophage, task

A
  • Phagocytic
  • Present antigens to T-cells (have also a role in adaptive immunity)
  • Crucial in inflammatory response
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16
Q

Natural immunity

Natural killer cells (NK cells)

A
  • Kill viruses infected and tumor cells without previous encounter
  • Does not require binding to MHC-Ag complex
    • So they can kill tumor cells that have low levels of MHC molecules
  • Receptors:
    • Killer inhibitory receptors
      • Present on the cell surface
      • Prevent lysis of cells with MHC molecules
    • Killer activating receptors
      • Cause lysis of target cells using the enzymes:
        • Perforin
        • Granzymes
17
Q

Natural immunity

Dendritic cells

A
  • Bridge between innate and adaptive immune system
  • Receptors:
    • Toll receptor
    • Toll-like receptor
18
Q

The complement system

Pathways

A
  • A group of proteins takes part in the activation of inactive enzymes
  • The cascade is activated in three ways:
    1. Classic pathway
      • Previously produced specific antibody and the pathogenic agent (antigen) build a complex and that initiate the process
    2. Mannose binding lectin pathway
      • Activates the system by binding to the oligosaccharides of certain viruses/infected cells
    3. Alternative pathway
      • Previously unknown antigen appears in the body as a trigger
  • In all three pathways an autocatalytic process starts
    • Results in activation of the previously inactive complement proteins in the plasma
    • Membrane-drill: final effector
19
Q

The complement system

Location of the inactive proteins of the complement system

A

Blood plasma

20
Q

The complement system

Functions of the complement sytem

A
  1. Intrinsic ability of lyse bacterial membrane
  2. Initiates chemotaxis
    • Complement-factors attract phagocytes to the site of the reaction
  3. Stimulate opsonizatio
    • Facilitating bacterial phagocytosis
21
Q

The complement system

Result of the complement system

A

Inflammation

22
Q

The complement system

Figure

A

Physiology final exam (111 decks)

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