Topic 106 - The physiology of sleeping; the reticular formation; the limbic system, behavior Flashcards
Words to include in the physiology of sleeping
- Reversible unconsciousness
- Special brainwaves patterns
- Parasympathetic dominance
- Sporadic eye movement
- Loss of muscle tone
- Compensatory increase following deprivation of state
- Non-responsiveness to external stimuli
- Changes
- Respiration
- Blood pressure
- Heart rate
Phases of sleep
- Electroencephalography features (EEG)
- NonREM sleep
- Entering sleep
- Superficial sleep
- Deep sleep (SWS)
- Very deep sleep (SWS)
- EEG slow wave sleep
- Phase 3 & 4
- Desynchronized EEG
- Eye movement
- Phasic muscle contraction
- Penile erection
- Sympathetic activation ↑
- Electroencephalographic
- REM sleep
- Paradoxical sleep
- Rapie Eye Movement
- Rapid low-voltage EEG
- Waking
Biological clock
- Sleep-wake cycle
- Light-dark cycle
-
Circadian rhythms
- Circadian clock
-
Zeitgebers
- Daylight
- Supervise hormone production
-
Suprachiasmatic nucleus (controls)
- Peptides
- Neurotransmitters
- Hypothalamus
Words to include in the reticular formation
-
Reticular formation
- Regulation of sleep
-
Serotonin
- Raphe nuclei
-
Locus coreulus group
- Norepinephrine
- Active arousal
- REM phase shift
- Brain stem
- Dopamine
- ACh
- Histamine
- Afferents
- Viscerosomatic sensory system
- Afferent cranial nerves
- Motor cortex
- Thalamus
- Hypothalamus
- Efferents
- Descending reticular formation
- Spinal cord
- Reticulo spinal tract
- Spinal cord
- Upper brain areas
- Non-specific nuclei
- Thalamus
- Cortex
- Limbic system
- Cerebellum
- Hypothalamus
- Non-specific nuclei
- Descending reticular formation
- Functions:
- Sleep-wake cycle
- Limbic system
- Emotions
- Visceral function
- Controlling axial muscles
- Descending reticular system
- Inhibitory part
- Fascilitating part
- Ascending reticular activating system
- Upper centers (arousal)
- Neurotransmitter organs
- Norepinephrine system (NA)
- REM state
- Serotonin system (5-HT)
- Dopamine system
- Histamine system
- Cholinergic system (ACh)
- Norepinephrine system (NA)
Words to include in the limbic system
- Adrenal flow
- Emotion
- Behavior
- Motivation
- Long-term memory
-
Olfaction
- Proencephalon of lower vertebrates
- Integration of the most primitive cortical mechanisms
- Emotional
- Sexual
- Visceral
- Sleep-wake cycle
- Emotional learning
-
Medial limbic ring
-
Cortical area
- Hippocampus
- Bulbus olfactorius
- Area piriformis
- Cortex near amygdala
- Archipallium
-
Cortical area
-
Basolateral or amygdalic limbic ring
- Cingulate gyrus
- Amygdala
- Septum pellucidum
- Rostral and dorsomedial nuclei of thalamus
- Mesophallium
-
Afferents
-
Spinothalamic tract
- Spinal cord
- Reticular formation
- Thalamus
- Hypothalamus
- Olfactory tract
-
Spinothalamic tract
-
Papez circuit
-
Efferentation of the limbic system
- Hypothalamus
- Thalamus and tectal nuclei
- Cingulate gyrus
-
Efferentation of the limbic system
-
Mesopallium
-
Amygdala
- Sexual mechanisms
- Attacking
-
Septal nuclei
- Fear
- Defending reaction
-
Amygdala
-
Arachipallium
- Learning
- Cortical memory processing
- Emotional recations control
-
Sexual stimuli
- Gonadotropic function of hypothalamus
- Noxious externals stimuli
- Sympatho - adrenal axis
Words to include in behavior
-
Motor activity
- Direct
- Spontaneous
- Basic patterns of locomotor activity
- Congenial
- Inherited motion patterns
- Activation / inhibition of reticular formation
-
Biological rhythms
- Biological clock
Behavior
-
Behavior pattern group
- Ethogram
- Ordinary behavior patterns
-
Signaling behavior patterns
- Specific movement plans
- Exploratory and playful behavior patterns
- External / internal pattern of stimuli
Instinct
- Hard coded
- Reflexes
-
Taxes
- Orientation instincts
-
Modal series of action
- Defense
- Attack
- Mating
- Same order
-
Motivation
- Endogenous factor of the releaser
- Appetence
- Aversion
- Releaser → response
The physiology of sleeping
Physological characteristics of sleeping
- Reversible unconsciousness
- Special brainwaves patterns
- Parasympathetic dominance
- Sporadic eye movement
- Loss of muscle tone
- Compensatory increase following deprivation of state
Changes during sleep:
- Respiration
- Blood pressure
- Heart rate
The physiology of sleeping
Behavioral characteristics of sleeping
- Non-responsiveness the external stimuli
- The adaptation of a typical posture, and occupation of sheltered site
- Usually repeated on a 24 hour basis
The physiology of sleep
Name the phases of sleep
-
Non-rapid eye movement sleep (Non-REM)
- Entering sleep
- Superficial sleep
- Deep sleep (SWS)
- Very deep sleep (SWS)
- Rapid eye movement sleep (REM)
- Wakening
The physiology of sleep
How are the different stages of sleep separated
- By separating different electroencephalogrphy (EEG) features of sleep into five different levels, which represents the spectrum from wakefulness to deep sleep
The physiology of sleep
Non-REM sleep
- Non-REM: non-rapid eye movement
- Sages of non-REM sleep
- Entering sleep
- Superficial sleep
- Deep sleep (SWS)
- Very deep sleep (SWS)
- EEG slow wave sleep is recorded in stage 3 and 4
- Order shown reaches back to stage 2 in one hour, and is repeated three-four times during normal sleep
- This phase is characterized with:
- Desynchronized EEG
- Eye movement
- Phasic muscle contraction
- Penile erection
- Sympathetic activation ↑
- This phase is characterized with:
The physiology of sleep
REM sleep
- REM: Rapid Eye Movement
- Also called paradoxal sleep
- 20-25% of total sleep in human adults
- Criteria:
- Rapid eye movement
- Rapid low-voltage EEG
The physiology of sleep
What is the graph that represents the different stages of sleep named?
Hypnogram
The physiology of sleep
The biological clock
- Generate signals to tell us the time
-
Sleep-waye cycle is determied by the suprachiasmatic nucleus
- This nucleus is a main site of producing other circadian rhythsm
- Functions:
-
Light-dark cycle
- Receive the external stimuli by vision
- Its independent biological clock dictates a 25-horus basal circadaian rhythm
-
Light-dark cycle
The physiology of sleep
Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)
- The suprachiasmatic nucleus controls the cicradian rhythm
- Location: hypothalamus
- Contains several different types of peptides and neurotransmitters
The physiology of sleeping
The circadian rhythm
- A circadian rhythm is any biological process that displays an endogenous (“built-in”, self sustained), entrainable oscillation of about 24 hours
- These 24-horus rhythms are driven by a circadian clock
- Although circadian rhythms are endogenous, they are adjusted to the local environment by external cues called zeitgebers
- Eg. daylight
The reticular formation
Location
An area of the brain stem composed of small neurons forming neural network