Topic 8 - Human and animal blood groups Flashcards
Words to include
- Antigens
- Surface of blood cells
- Proteins
- Lipids
- Carbohydrates
- Genetic code
- Antigens encoded on the same locus
- Antibodies
- Circulate in plasma
- Agglutinate
- Henagglutination
- On the surface of RBC forming antigen
- Blood-agglutinating-antibody
- Blood group gene
- Blood group
- Natural hemaggutinins
- Antibodies present
- Previous immunization (ø)
- Correspronding antigens
- Artficial hemagglutinins
- Antibody
- After previous immunization
- Immunization
- Natural -Rh
- Artificial
- Heterohemagglutinins
- Agglutinates RBC
- Other species
- Isohemagglutinins
- Agglutnates RBC
- Same species
- Formation of hemagglutinis
- Early immunization postbatelly
- Sensibilization
- Early immunization postbatelly
Agglutination - hemolysis
- Agglutination
- Humans
- Hemolysis
- Animals
- Incopatible transfusion
Biochemical polymorphism
- Cattle transferrin polymorphism
- Production traits
Human blood groups
- 15 blood groups
- AB0
- A antigen
- N-acetyl-galactose-amine transferase enzyme
- B
- Galactosyl-transferase enzyme
- AB
- 0 (no additional groups)
- A antigen
- Rh
- MNSs
- P
- Lutheran
- Kell
- Duffy
- Kidd
- AB0
- Incompatibillity
- H antigen
- H gene
- AB0
- IgM type antibodies
- IgM type hemagglutinins
- Red blood cells
- Antibody
- Agglutination
- AB0 type reactions
- Serum containing specific antibodies directed against the antigens
- IgM type antibodies
- Rh blood groups
- First pregnancy
- Rh negative mother
- Rh positive father
- Rh positive fetus
- IgM-type (ø)
- IgG-type
- Second pregnancy
- Rh negative mother
- Rh positive father
- Rh positive fetus
- Anti-Rh (IgG) antiboides
- Yellow jaudice
- Erythroblastosis foetalis
- Hemolysis
- First pregnancy
- Rh-incompatibility
- Rh-negative recipient
- Immunized
- Forming IgG antibody
- Rh-positive donor
- Anti-Rh antibody
- Rh-negative recipient
Animal blood groups
- Naturally formed antibodies (ø)
- Hemolyzing
- Agglutinating character
- Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP)
- Interspecies blood groups systems
- Cattle: 13 systems
- Sheep: 8 systems
- Horse: 8 systems
- Swine: 15 systems
- Dog: 12 systems
- Cat: 1 system
- Parentage testing
- Twins are chimerase
- Production traits
- Cattle
- B system → production of milk lipids
- Swine
- H blood type
- PHI gene
- Stress senitivity
- Sheep
- 0 blood type
- L antigen
- Serum phospahte level
- RBC potassium level ↓
- Cattle
- Blood transfusion
- Large animals
- Naturally occuring antibodies (ø)
- Small animals
- Three drop test
- Donor blood cells
- Recipient plasma
- Physological sodium chloride solution
- Hemolysis (ø)
- Agglutination (ø)
- Three drop test
- Large animals
- Hemolytic illnesses of the newborn
- Horse, swine
- Rh like antigen
- Postnatally problem
- Epitheliochorial placenta
- Colostrum
- Immunoglobulins
- Hemolysis
- Neonatal jaudice
- Horse, swine
What are blood groups?
-
Blood groups are complex antigens appearing on the surface of the blood cells
- These antigens are glycoproteids and glycolipids
- Contains:
- Proteins
- Lipids
- Carbohydrates
- Their appearance is ensured by a known genetic code
What are blood-type system?
Blood-type system is a group of antigens encoded on the same locus
Hemagglutination
-
Hemagglutinations:
- Compounds on the surface of the RBC forming antigens
- Substances initiating the production of the blood-agglutnating-antibody
-
Natural hemagglutinins
- Antibodies are present without previous immunization
- Agglutinate the RBC of animals expressing corresponding antigens
-
Artificial hemagglutinins
- Antibodies form after previous immunization
-
Immunization can be:
- Natural - Rh
- Artificial
-
Heterohemagglutinins
- Agglutinates RBCs of other species
-
Isohemagglutinins
- Agglutinates RBCs of same species
- Formation of hemagglutinins
- Early immunization postnatally
- Sensibilization
- Antibodies are not present in newborn
- Antibody titer is constantly growing
- Antibodies may disappear in elderly individuals
- Early immunization postnatally
Agglutination - hemolysis
- The reaction between the RBC and the plasma antibodies occurs in two basic forms:
- Agglutination: Significant in humans
- Hemolysis: More typical in animals
- These two reactions occur together or alone
Figure: incompatible transfusion
Human blood groups
Name the different types of human blood groups
- Humans have 15 different blood groups
- The two most important: AB0 & Rh
Human blood groups
AB0
- The H antigen encoded by the H gene forms the basic structure of the most important blood type system (AB0)
- Because it is present in all humans, no antibodies are formed against it naturally
- There are further groups synthesized on this universal antigen:
- A, B and AB groups are formed
- If there are no additional groups, the 0 group is formed
-
A antigen:
- N-acteyl-galactose-amine transferase forms the A blood group antigen
-
0 antigen:
- Suppresses the production of N-acteyl-galactose-amine transferase
- Accordingly, no A or B blood groups is formed and the 0 group appears
-
B antigen:
- __Galactosyl-transferase forms the B blood type antigen
-
IgM type antibodies:
-
The IgM type hemagglutinins form against such antigens entering the blood stream after birth if similar structures are not already present on the surface of the RBC
- Reason: new-born baby continuously accepts antigens from the environment
-
The IgM type hemagglutinins form against such antigens entering the blood stream after birth if similar structures are not already present on the surface of the RBC
Human blood groups
AB0: IgM type antibodies
- The IgM type hemagglutinins form against such antigens entering the blood stream after birth if similar structures are not already present on the surface of the RBC
- Reason: new-born baby continuously accepts antigens from the environment
Human blood groups
AB0: blood type reactions
- The type of a RBC belonging to an unknown blood group can be determined by agglutination reaction
- We have the blood cells bearing unknown A, B or AB antigens (or 0 type) react with a serum containing specific antibodies directed against the antigens
- In case of incompatibility agglutination is seen, that can be used for determination of the blood cells’ antigen-type
Human blood groups
Rh blood group
-
Rh incompatibility:
-
1st pregnancy:
- Rh-negative mother can be immunized by the blood cells of her own Rh-positive fetus
- Ther forming antibodi is IgG-type that crosses much easier the placenta
- In case of the first fetus no damage occurs because the fetal RBC usually gets into the mother’s body only via micro-injuries during the delivery
- 2nd pregnancy:
- The small amount of RBC entering the mother’s sensitized immune system stimulates the production of anti-Rh (IgG) antibodies that (by getting back to the fetus after penetrating the placenta) dissolve the fetal RBC and a clinical pattern called erythroblastosis fetalis occurs
- Causing yellow jaudice → death of the fetus
-
1st pregnancy:
- The other important case of Rh-incompatibility is when an Rh negative recipient gets RBC from a Rh positive donor. The Rh-negative recipient is immunized and the forming IgG antibody dissolves the red blood cells of the recipient. The second blood transfusion can cause significant damage
Animal blood groups
What is the difference between human and animal blood groups?
- In most cases there are no naturally formed antibodies against the RBC-antigens of other individuals.
- In many cases the blood type antigens appear in the plasma
- Most of the time the artificially formed antibody has a hemolyzing and not an agglutinating characte
Animal blood groups
Blood type determination
- Goal: Produce an antibody that only reacts with the C-blood type antigen
- Problem: We have no specific antigen against the single C-group
- Experiment:
- Immunize the animal 2 with the 1’s washed RBC (A, B, C antigens)
- In animal 2 only anti-B and C is produced
- Washing it with B RBCs we remove anti-B
- Remaining is the monovalent anti-C serum
- RFLP (Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism) identifies individual DNA “fingerprints” and will probably soon substitute the former method explained
Animal blood groups
Give the number of blood group sytem with antigen in:
- Cattle
- Sheep
- Horse
- Swine
- Dog
- Cat
Animal blood groups
Parentage testing
Blood groups can be used for parentage testing and determining whether twins are chimeras or not
Animal blood groups
Production traits