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Physiology final exam > Topic 7 - Red blood cells and the hemoglobin > Flashcards

Topic 7 - Red blood cells and the hemoglobin Flashcards

1
Q

Words to include in red blood cells

A
  • Mitochondria (ø)
  • Life time:
    • 120 days
    • 60 days (cattle, swine)
    • 30 days (bird)
  • Hemoglobin concentration (35%)
  • RBC synthesis
    • Oxygen supply
    • Kidney status
    • Age
  • RBC data
    • Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration (MCHC)
      • Hb/Ht
    • Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin (MCH)
      • Hb/RBC
    • Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV)
      • Ht/RBC
  • Hemolysis
    • Osmotic
    • Leakage / disruption
    • Isotonic solution
    • Hypotonic solution
      • Burst
    • Hypertonic solution
      • Shrink
  • Membrane hemolysis
    • Physical effects
      • Freezing
        • Dissolving
      • Shaking
        • Shocking
    • Chemical effects
      • Acids
      • Liposolvents
        • Ether
        • Chloroform
      • Surface tension reducers
        • Saponine
        • Bile salts
    • Toxin effect
      • Bacterial toxins
      • Snake toxins
      • Plant toxins
  • Osmotic resistance
    • Adapt to slight changes
      • Slightly hyperosmotic environment
      • Slightly hypoosmotic environment
    • Minimal resistance
    • Maximal resistance
    • RBC membrane characteristics
      • Spectrin protein
        • Flexible
        • Molecular springs
      • Ankyrine
      • Actin-bridge
      • Attachment protein
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2
Q

Words to include in hemoglobin

A
  • Pigment
  • Role:
    • Transport of blood gases
    • Blood buffer capacity
  • 4 subunits
  • Hem
    • Ferro-protoporhyrine
    • Porphyrine base
      • 4 coordination sites
    • Imidazole ring
    • Iron atom
      • Oxynen
      • Reversibly
    • Methaemoblobin-reductase
    • NADPH system
  • Globin
    • Oxygen binding characteristics
    • Allosteric stimulation
  • Sickle cell anemia
    • Single amino acid change
      • Glutamine (ø alanine)
    • Drepancytaemia
    • Malaria
  • Age effect
    • Fetal hemoglobin (Hb-F)
      • 2 α chains
      • 2 β chanis
    • Adult hemoglobin (Hb-A)
      • 2 α chains
      • 2 Ɣ chanis
    • 2,3-DPG
    • Amino acid eequence
    • Oxygen affinity

Transport of blood gases

  • Oxygen
    • Fe2+
      • Reversible
    • 1 hem binds to 1 O2
  • CO2
    • Carbamin-haemoglobin
    • Hb-NH2 + CO2 = Hb-N-COOH
  • CO
    • Reversibly
  • OH and Cl radicals
    • Irreversibely
  • Affinity
    • Desoxi-Hb
      • Fe2+
    • Oxygenated-Hb
      • Fe2+O2
    • CO-Hb
      • Fe2+CO
    • Hemiglobin
      • Fe3+
    • Hemin chloride
      • Fe3+Cl
  • Buffer
    • Buffer bases in blood
      • Hb-anion
    • Buffer action
      • HHb/Hb-
      • Deoxygenated Hb
        • Proton acceptor

Degradation of hemoglobin

  • Phagocyte
    • Hb
      • Globin
        • Amino acid
      • Hem
        • Fe
        • Protoporfirin-IX
        • Bilirubin
  • Circulation
    • Bilirubin I / indirect bilirubin
    • Albumin
  • Blood
  • Hepatocyte
    • Glucoronic acid (80%)
    • Sulphate (20%)
    • Billirubin I
    • Billirubin II / direct bilirubin
  • Bile
  • Intestinal lumen
    • Billirubin II
    • Billirubin I
    • Urobillinogen (UBG)
    • Stercobillinogen
    • Stercobilin
  • Faeces
  • Vena portae
  • Systemic circulation
  • Kidney
  • Urin
    • Urobillinogen (UBG)
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3
Q

Topics to include in the essay

A
  1. Red blood cells
    • Average lifetime of RBC
    • RBC data
    • Hemolysis
    • Osmotic resistance
  2. Hemoglobin
    • Hem
    • Globin
    • Transport of blood gases
    • Hemoglobin as buffer
    • Degradation of hemoglobin
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4
Q

Red blood cells

Give the average lifetime of red blood cell in:

  1. Mammals
  2. Cattle, swine
  3. BIrds
A
  1. Mammals: 120 days
  2. Cattle, swine: 60 days
  3. Birds: 30 days
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5
Q

Red blood cells

Give the concentration of hemoglobin in 1 g RBC

A

35% hemoglobin

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6
Q

Red blood cells

RBC data

A
  1. Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration (MCHC)
    • Hb/Ht
  2. Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin (MCH)
    • Hb/RBC
  3. Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV)
    • Ht/RBC
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7
Q

Red blood cells

Hemolysis - osmotic

A
  • Hemolysis: Lekage or disruption of the blood cells (mainly RBC)
  • Types of hemolysis
    • RBC in isotonic solution
      • Ø change
    • RBC in hypotonic solution
      • Water flows into cell, cell swells up → bursts
    • RBC in hypertonic solution
      • Water leaves cell and cell shrinks
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8
Q

Red blood cells

Membrane hemolysis

A
  • Physical effects
    • Freezing, Dissolving
    • Shaking, Shocking
  • Chemical effects
    • Acids, Liposolvents (ether, chloroform)
    • Surface tension reducers (saponine, bile salts)
  • Effects of toxins
    • Bacterial toxins
    • Snake toxins
    • Plant toxins
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9
Q

Red blood cells

Osmotic resistance

A
  • Osmotic resistance: RBCs can adapt to slight changes easely, slight changes in the osmolality do not cause permanent damage, only change of the shape
    • Slightly hyperosmotic environment
    • Slightly hypoosmotic environment
  • Minimal resistance: hemolysis just starts
  • Maximal resistance: all the cells hemolyze
  • Osmotic resistance is due to the special characteristics of the RBC membrane
    • ​The membrane is able to adapt to the changes of the osmotic environment due to the spectrin protein molecules
  • Spectrin
    • ​On the internal side of the membrane, giving a ​flexible feature
    • “Molecular springs” are fixed forming a net on the internal side of cell by ankyrine, actin and smaller connective molecules
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10
Q

Hemoglobin

Main role

A
  1. Transport of blood gases
  2. Forming of blood’s buffer capacity
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11
Q

Hemoglobin

What is hemoglobin composed of?

A
  • Globin, a protein group
  • Four heme groups
    • Each associated with an iron atom
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12
Q

Hemoglobin

Hem

A
  • The hem is a ferro-protoporphyrine
    • In the porphyrine base, iron has 4 coordination sites
    • The two other valences involved are bound to the imidaxole ring of the protein
  • Iron binds to oxygen revesibly
    • Oxygneation
  • The oxygenated derivate is methaemoglobin
    • ​This binds oxygen irreversibly and is produced under normal conditions too but it is reversed by the methaemoglobin-reductase – NADPH system​
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13
Q

Hemoglobin

Globin

A
  • The structure of globin determines the characteristics of oxygen binding
  • The structrure allows allosteric stimulation and is able to bind new oxygen even stronger after accepting the former one
    • Affinity for oxygen are increasing
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14
Q

Hemoglobin

Sickle cell anemia

A
  • Single amino acid change:
    • There is glutamine in the 6th position of the beta chain instead of alanine
  • Drepancytaemia
  • Resistance against malaria
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15
Q

Hemoglobin

Age effect

A
  • Fetal hemoglobin has a lower affinity to the 2,3-DPG than the adult hemoglobin due to its amino acid sequence
  • Important in long term storage of blood
  • Adult animal:
    • Hb-A:
      • 2 α chanis
      • 2 β chanis
    • Hb-F
      • ​2 α chanis
      • 2 Ɣ chains
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16
Q

Hemoglobin

Transport of blood gases: which molecules are able to bind to hemoglobin?

A
  • Oxygen
    • ​Binds to Fe2+ (reversible)
    • 1 hem binds to 1 O2
  • CO2
    • ​Carbamino-hemoglobin
    • Responsible for 20% of the complete CO2 blood-transport
    • Hb-NH2 + CO2 = Hb-N-COOH
  • CO
    • ​Bind reversibly with 200 times higher affinity than to oxygen
  • OH radicals
    • ​Bind irreversibly
  • Cl radicals
    • ​Bind irreversibly
  • Desoxi-Hb: Fe2+
  • Oxygenated-Hb: Fe2+O2
  • CO-Hb: Fe2+CO
  • Hemiglobin: Fe3+
  • Hemin chloride: Fe3+Cl​
17
Q

Hemoglobin

Hemoglobin as a buffer

A
  • Hb- anion is one of the two most important buffer bases in the blood
  • Buffer action is ensured by:
    • HHb/Hb-
    • 35% of the buffer capacity of the blood is provided by hemoglobin. The deoxygenated Hb is a better proton acceptor than the oxygenated one
18
Q

Hemoglobin

Degradation of hemoglobin

A

Physiology final exam (111 decks)

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