Topic 14 - Adaptive (acquired) immune response; structure of the antigens and immunoglobulins Flashcards
1
Q
Words to include in adaptive (acquired) immune response
A
- Antibodies
- MHC
- T-cell receptor
- B-cell receptor
- Lymphatic cytokines
- B-lymphocyte
- T-lymphocyte
- Antigen presenting cells (DC, FDC)
- Antigen specific
- Immunological memory
- Exponential amplification
- Humoral immunity
- Cellular immunity
- Active immunity
- Passive immunity
- Afferent phase
- Cognitive
- Recognition phase
- Central phace
- Activation
- Plasma cells (from B-cells)
- Effecgor T-Ly (from T-cells)
- Efferent phase
- Elimination phase
2
Q
Words to include in immunoglobulins
A
- Specific chain structure
- Molecular mass
- Heavy chain
- Light chain
- Lambda
- Kappa
- Variable region
- Ag-binding site
- Amino acids
- Hypervariable antigen binding sites
- Constant region
- Amino acid components
- Hinge region
- Disulfide bonds
- FAB (Fragment Antigen Binding)
- FC (Fraction Crystallisable)
- Antibodies
- Aminoterminal end (antigen binding domain)
- Caroxyterminal (effector region)
- Isotipia
- Allotopia
- Idiotipia
- Immunoglobulin domains
- IgM
- Mu
- Complex pathogens
- Human hemagglutination
- IgG
- Gamma
- IgA
- Alpha
- IgD
- Delta
- IgE
- Epilson
- Monofunctional character
- FAB dependent function
- Polyfunctional character
- FC dependent function
- B-lymphocytes
- B-cell
- B-cell receptors
- Plasma cells (from B-cells)
3
Q
Words to include in antigens
A
- Antibody generator (Ag)
- Membrane receptor
- T-cell receptor
- B-cell receptor
- Complex proteins
- Polysaccharides
- Antigen specific lymphocyte
- Immunogen
- Epitope
- Antigen determinant
- Ig/BcR
- TcR
- Paratop
- Ligand pair
- Hapten
- Carrier
- Auto antigens (self-matter)
- Allo-antigens (matter of the same species)
- Xeno-antigens (matter of another species)
- Affinity
- Avidity
4
Q
Adaptive immune response
Main molecular components
A
- Antibodies
- MHC
- T cell receptor
- B cell receptor
- Lymphatic cytokines
5
Q
Adaptive immune response
Main cellular components
A
- B-lymphocytes
- T-lymphocytes
- Antigen presenting cells (DC, FDC)
6
Q
Adaptive immunity
Functional characteristics
A
- Antigen specific
- Immunological memory
- Activated after a latency period
- Exponential amplification of the reaction
7
Q
Adaptive immunity
Types
A
- There are two major forms of specific (acquired) immune response:
- Humoral immunity
- Cellular immunity
- There are two basic types of acquired immunity
- Active immunity
- Specific
- Creates memory
- Passive immunity
- Specific
- No memory
- Active immunity
8
Q
Adaptive immunity
Phases of adaptive immunity
A
-
Afferent phase
- Responsive immune cells are prepared
- Cognitive
- Recognition phase
- Ly-repertior express receptors
- Ag + Ly-receptor interaction = Ag activation and Ag processing
- Differentiation between “self” and “non-self”
-
Central phase
- Activation (after meeting with the antigen)
- B-cells turns to plasma cells
- T-cells turns to effector T-Ly
-
Efferent phase
- Elimination phase
- Activated immune cells and their products eliminate “non-self”, while protecting “self” structures or develop tolerance against them
9
Q
Structure of the immunoglobulins
Structure
A
- Have specific chain structure
-
Heavy chain
- Two
-
Light chain
- Two types:
- Lambda
- Kappa
- Two types:
-
Variable region
- Ag-binding site
- Amino acids present
- Two hypervariable antigen binding sites
-
Constant region
- Constant amino acid components
-
Hinge region
- Makes the molecule more flexible while binding the antigen
- Disulfide bond
-
FAB (Fragment Antigen Binding)
- The part responsible for binding the antigen
-
FC (Fraction Crystallisable)
- The part that is responsible for the biological effect
10
Q
Structure of the immunoglobulins
Antibodies, end
A
-
Aminoterminal end
- Binds the determinant group of the antigen (antigen binding domain)
-
Carboxytermina end
- Binds to the surface receptors of different cells (effector region)
- Antibodies are formed by immunoglobulin domains
11
Q
Structure of the immunoglobulins
Types of variabillity
A
-
Isotipia
- Variability in a class
- Determined by the constant region (FC fragment)
-
Allotopia
- Variability in an individual
-
Idiotipia
- Variability in an immunoglobulin type
- Determined by the variable region (FAB fragment (fragment antigen binding))
12
Q
Structure of immunoglobulin
Immunoglobulin classes
A
13
Q
Structure of antigens
Definition of antigens
A
- Definition: antibody generator (Ag)
- A substance, which is recognized by T cell and/or B cell receptors and is able to induce active immune response or tolerance
- The antigen is a non-self matter that elicits the immune response
- Normally, it does not belong to the body
- Generally, it belongs to the body of the pathogenic agent
- It is usually a protein with large molecular weight (polysaccharide etc.)
- The whole antigen molecule is responsible for triggering the immune response
- Only part of the antigen molecule (epitop) takes part in the binding of the antibody produced against it
14
Q
Structure of antigens
Basic terms
A
-
Immunogen
- Fine chemical structure, which can induce specific immune response
-
Epitope
- (Antigen determinant) well circumscribed region of the antigen molecule recognized by Ig/BcR or TcR
-
Paratop
- Ligand pair of the epitope
-
Hapten
- Small molecular weight antigen, which can not induce immune reaction itself, but specifically recognized by immunoglobulins
-
Carrier
- Indifferent, large molecular weight molecule, holding hapten molecules on the surface
15
Q
Structue of antigen
Antigen classification
A
-
Antigenicity, depending on their origin:
- Auto-antigens (self matter)
- Allo-antigens (matter of the same species)
- Xeno-antigens (matter of another species)
-
Antigenicity is determined by the epitop:
-
Binding force:
- Affinity (one epitop)
- Avidity (more than one epitop)
- Specificity (degree of selectivity)
-
Binding force: