Topic 14 - Adaptive (acquired) immune response; structure of the antigens and immunoglobulins Flashcards

1
Q

Words to include in adaptive (acquired) immune response

A
  • Antibodies
  • MHC
  • T-cell receptor
  • B-cell receptor
  • Lymphatic cytokines
  • B-lymphocyte
  • T-lymphocyte
  • Antigen presenting cells (DC, FDC)
  • Antigen specific
  • Immunological memory
  • Exponential amplification
  • Humoral immunity
  • Cellular immunity
  • Active immunity
  • Passive immunity
  • Afferent phase
    • Cognitive
    • Recognition phase
  • Central phace
    • Activation
    • Plasma cells (from B-cells)
    • Effecgor T-Ly (from T-cells)
  • Efferent phase
    • Elimination phase
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2
Q

Words to include in immunoglobulins

A
  • Specific chain structure
  • Molecular mass
  • Heavy chain
  • Light chain
    • Lambda
    • Kappa
  • Variable region
    • Ag-binding site
    • Amino acids
    • Hypervariable antigen binding sites
  • Constant region
    • Amino acid components
  • Hinge region
    • Disulfide bonds
  • FAB (Fragment Antigen Binding)
  • FC (Fraction Crystallisable)
  • Antibodies
    • Aminoterminal end (antigen binding domain)
    • Caroxyterminal (effector region)
  • Isotipia
  • Allotopia
  • Idiotipia
  • Immunoglobulin domains
  • IgM
    • Mu
    • Complex pathogens
    • Human hemagglutination
  • IgG
    • Gamma
  • IgA
    • Alpha
  • IgD
    • Delta
  • IgE
    • Epilson
  • Monofunctional character
    • FAB dependent function
  • Polyfunctional character
    • FC dependent function
  • B-lymphocytes
  • B-cell
  • B-cell receptors
  • Plasma cells (from B-cells)
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3
Q

Words to include in antigens

A
  • Antibody generator (Ag)
  • Membrane receptor
  • T-cell receptor
  • B-cell receptor
  • Complex proteins
  • Polysaccharides
  • Antigen specific lymphocyte
  • Immunogen
  • Epitope
    • Antigen determinant
    • Ig/BcR
    • TcR
  • Paratop
    • Ligand pair
  • Hapten
  • Carrier
  • Auto antigens (self-matter)
  • Allo-antigens (matter of the same species)
  • Xeno-antigens (matter of another species)
  • Affinity
  • Avidity
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4
Q

Adaptive immune response

Main molecular components

A
  • Antibodies
  • MHC
  • T cell receptor
  • B cell receptor
  • Lymphatic cytokines
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5
Q

Adaptive immune response

Main cellular components

A
  • B-lymphocytes
  • T-lymphocytes
  • Antigen presenting cells (DC, FDC)
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6
Q

Adaptive immunity

Functional characteristics

A
  • Antigen specific
  • Immunological memory
  • Activated after a latency period
  • Exponential amplification of the reaction
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7
Q

Adaptive immunity

Types

A
  • There are two major forms of specific (acquired) immune response:
    1. Humoral immunity
    2. Cellular immunity
  • There are two basic types of acquired immunity
    1. Active immunity
      • Specific
      • Creates memory
    2. Passive immunity
      • Specific
      • No memory
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8
Q

Adaptive immunity

Phases of adaptive immunity

A
  1. Afferent phase
    • Responsive immune cells are prepared
    • Cognitive
    • Recognition phase
    • Ly-repertior express receptors
    • Ag + Ly-receptor interaction = Ag activation and Ag processing
    • Differentiation between “self” and “non-self”
  2. Central phase
    • Activation (after meeting with the antigen)
    • B-cells turns to plasma cells
    • T-cells turns to effector T-Ly
  3. Efferent phase
    • Elimination phase
    • Activated immune cells and their products eliminate “non-self”, while protecting “self” structures or develop tolerance against them
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9
Q

Structure of the immunoglobulins

Structure

A
  • Have specific chain structure
  • Heavy chain
    • Two
  • Light chain
    • Two types:
      • Lambda
      • Kappa
  • Variable region
    • Ag-binding site
    • Amino acids present
    • Two hypervariable antigen binding sites
  • Constant region
    • Constant amino acid components
  • Hinge region
    • Makes the molecule more flexible while binding the antigen
    • Disulfide bond
  • FAB (Fragment Antigen Binding)
    • The part responsible for binding the antigen
  • FC (Fraction Crystallisable)
    • The part that is responsible for the biological effect
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10
Q

Structure of the immunoglobulins

Antibodies, end

A
  • Aminoterminal end
    • Binds the determinant group of the antigen (antigen binding domain)
  • Carboxytermina end
    • Binds to the surface receptors of different cells (effector region)
  • Antibodies are formed by immunoglobulin domains
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11
Q

Structure of the immunoglobulins

Types of variabillity

A
  • Isotipia
    • Variability in a class
    • Determined by the constant region (FC fragment)
  • Allotopia
    • Variability in an individual
  • Idiotipia
    • Variability in an immunoglobulin type
    • Determined by the variable region (FAB fragment (fragment antigen binding))
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12
Q

Structure of immunoglobulin

Immunoglobulin classes

A
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13
Q

Structure of antigens

Definition of antigens

A
  • Definition: antibody generator (Ag)
  • A substance, which is recognized by T cell and/or B cell receptors and is able to induce active immune response or tolerance
  • The antigen is a non-self matter that elicits the immune response
    • Normally, it does not belong to the body
    • Generally, it belongs to the body of the pathogenic agent
  • It is usually a protein with large molecular weight (polysaccharide etc.)
  • The whole antigen molecule is responsible for triggering the immune response
  • Only part of the antigen molecule (epitop) takes part in the binding of the antibody produced against it
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14
Q

Structure of antigens

Basic terms

A
  • Immunogen
    • Fine chemical structure, which can induce specific immune response
  • Epitope
    • (Antigen determinant) well circumscribed region of the antigen molecule recognized by Ig/BcR or TcR
  • Paratop
    • Ligand pair of the epitope
  • Hapten
    • Small molecular weight antigen, which can not induce immune reaction itself, but specifically recognized by immunoglobulins
  • Carrier
    • Indifferent, large molecular weight molecule, holding hapten molecules on the surface
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15
Q

Structue of antigen

Antigen classification

A
  • Antigenicity, depending on their origin:
    1. Auto-antigens (self matter)
    2. Allo-antigens (matter of the same species)
    3. Xeno-antigens (matter of another species)
  • Antigenicity is determined by the epitop:
    • Binding force:
      1. Affinity (one epitop)
      2. Avidity (more than one epitop)
    • Specificity (degree of selectivity)
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