Topic 4 - Functions, fractination and changes of plasma proteins Flashcards
Words to include
- Quantity of plasma proteins
- 60-80 g/l
- Quantifying
- Kjedahl method
Fractions
- Paper electrophoresis
- Albumin
- Fibrinogen
- Globulin fraction
- Gel electrophoresis
- Albumin
- Globulins
- α1
- α2
- β
- Ɣ
- Ultracentrifugation
- G
- Vacuum field
- Macromolecules
- Sedimentation constant
Ion exchage chromatography
- Proteins separated on basis of charge
- Bound particles with negative charge
- Free particles with positive charge
- Beads with positive charge
- Gel-filtration
- Polysaccharide beads
- Beads with pores
- Granules
- Retained small particles
- Big particles gettin out
- Polysaccharide beads
- Affinity chromatography
- Beads binding antibodies on the surface
- Covalent binding to sepcific antibody
- Particles with complements sides to antibodies
- Particles wihtout complemetarity are washed away
- Beads binding antibodies on the surface
- Immune electrophoresis
- Antibody distribution
- Precipitation arcs
- Antigen
- Electric field
- High Pressure Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)
- Solid phase column
- High pressure perfusion
Plasma protein fractions
- Albumin
- α-1 globulin
- α-2 globulin
- β globulin
- Fibrinogen
- Ɣ globulin
Functions of plasma proteins
- Maintaining oncotic pressure
- Albumin
- Water in circulation
- Transport functions of albumin
- Fatty acids
- BIlirubin
- Hormones
- Vitamins
- Metal ions
- Transport functions of globulin
- Transferrin
- Iron
- Haptoglobin
- Hem
- Transcortin
- Corticoids
- Thyroxin Binding Globulin (TBG)
- Thyroxin
- Transcobalamin
- B12-vitamin
- Lipoproteins
- Transport proteins
- Transferrin
- Lipoproteins
- Very Low Density Lipoprotein (VLDL)
- Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL)
- Intermediate Density Lipoprotein (IDL)
- High Density Lipoprotein (HDL)
- Blood sedimentation
- Clinical parameter
- Plasma
- Globulins
- Acute phase proteins
- Immunglobulins
- Albumin
- Red blood cells (RBC)
- Negative charge
- Inflammation
- Buffer action
- Buffer capacity of blood (7%)
- Buffer capacity of plasma (15%)
- Blood clotting
- Blood coagulation
- Intravasal compartment
- Inactive precursors
- Precursor
- Anticoagulation
- Fibrinolysis
- Immunity
- Immunoglobulins of specific immunity
- Non-specific immunity
- Complement proteins
- Signal proteins
- Peptides
- Interleukins
- Enzymes in the plasma
- Hormone inactivation
- Activated blood coagulation factors
- Enzymes
- Protein metabolism
Plasma proteins synthesis
- Synthesized in liver
- Plasma cells
- Gamma globulins
- Interstitial epithelium
- HDL
- VLDL
- IC enzymes
- Heart
- Liver
Pathological changes
- Hyper- and hypoprotonia
- Starving
- Kidney disease
- Dysproteinemia
- Ratio changes
- Paraproteinemia
- Pathological proteins appear
- Defect-proteinemia
- Ø some fractions
Topics to include in the essay
- Quantitiy of plasma proteins
- Fractions
- Paper electrophoresis
- Gel electrophoresis
- Ultracentrifugation
- Ion exchange chromatography
- Gel-filtration
- Affinity chromatography
- Immune electrophoresis
- High Pressure Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)
- Plasma protein fractions
- Functions of plasma proteins
- Plasma protein synthesis
- Pathological changes
Quantitiy of plasma proteins
Give the total amount of plasma proteins
60-80 g/l
Quantitiy of plasma proteins
Which method is used to quantifying
Kjedahl method
Name the methods used for fractination of plasma proteins
- Paper electrophoresis
- Gelelectrophoresis
- Immunoelectrophoreseis
- High Pressure Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)
- Ultracentrifugation
- Ion exchange chromatography
- Gel-filtration
- Affinity chromatography
Fractionation
Paper electrophoresis
- Only two proteins can be separated by this method:
- Albumin
- Fibrinogen
- The rest of the proteins can be found in the globulin fraction
Fractionation
Gelelectrophoresis
Separated into albumin and globulins

Fractionation
Ultracentrifuging
- Very high G can be developed in the vacuum field of the ultracentrifuge
- In this way certain macromolecules are separated according to their sedimentation constants
Fractionation
Ion exchange chroatography
Separates proteins on the basis of their charge

Fractionation
Gel-filtration
- Protein mixture have to pass through the polysaccharide beads
- Protein with small molecular weight can get into the granules, biggere protein molecules cannot get into the granules
- Bigger molecules will be washed away sooner than the smaller molecules

Fractionation
Affinity chromatography
- One covalently binds a specific antibody formerly produced against the protein to the granules of the solid phase
- The protein will then be selected from the mixture by a special recognising system
- The rest of the proteins in the solution examined will be washed away from the column

Fractionation
Immune electrophoresis
Antibody distributed in a gel poured on a sheet of glass develops precipitation arcs with the antigen in the electric field
Fractionation
HPLC
- High Pressure Liquid Chromatography
- Divides proteins in a solid phase column under high pressure perfusion
Give the name of the most important plasma protein fractions
- Albumin
- α1 globulin
- α2 globulin
- β globulin
- Fibrinogen
- Ɣ globulin

Functions of plasma proteins
Name the functions of plasma proteins
- Maintaining oncotic pressure
- Transport functions of albumin
- Transport functions of globulins
- Lipoproteins
- Blood sedimentation
- Buffer action
- Blood clotting
- Immunity
- Enzymes in the plasma
- Protein metabolism
Functions of plasma proteins
Maintaining oncotic pressure
- Albumin is 80% responsible for oncotic pressure
- Keeps water in circulation
Functions of plasma proteins
Transport functions of albumin
- Fatty acids
- Bilirubin
- Hormones
- Vitamins
- Metal ions
Functions of plasma proteins
Transport functions of globulins
- Transferrin: iron
- Haptoglobin : hem
- Transcortin : corticoids
-
TBG: Thyroxin Binding Globulin
- Thyroxin
- Transcobalamin : B12-vitamin
- Lipoproteins
- Wide variety of transport proteins
Functions of plasma proteins
Lipoproteins
-
Lipids binds to proteins forming lipoproteins
- Closed into a protein envelope
- Density depends of fat:protein ratio
- Very Low Density Lipoproteins (VLDL)
- Low Density Lipoproteins (LDL)
- Intermediate Density Lipoproteins (IDL)
- High Density Lipoproteins (HDL)
Functions of plasma proteins
Blood sedimetation
- Clinical parameter
- In case of infections acute phase proteins appear in the plasma
- The globulins (acute phase proteins and immunglobulins) displace the albumin from the surface of the red blood cells
- Result: charge of the cell surface will change
- Originally the cells have negative charge
- Because of the albumin so they repulse each other and sediment slowly
- After the globulins bind the total charge will decrease, there will be less repulse among the red blood cells
- The sedimentation will get faster
- Inflammation: a few days after infection acute phase proteins appear and their concentration increases due to interleukin-1 (macrophage signal)
- Later: appearance of immunoglobulins

Functions of plasma proteins
Buffer actions
-
Plasma proteins are responsible for:
- 7% buffer capacity of blood
- 15% buffer capacity of plasma
Functions of plasma proteins
Blood clotting
- Coagulation factors are plasma proteins (Ø Ca2+ facor IV)
- All of the factors involved in blood coagulation that are circulate in the intravasal compartment as inactive precursors
- Ø Ca2+ (coagulation factor IV)
-
Plasma proteins are precursor of:
- Anticoagulation
- Fibrinolysis
Functions of plasma proteins
Immunity
- Immunoglobulins of specific immunity
- Complement proteins of non-specific immunity
- Signal proteins and peptides (eg. Interleukins) in the immune system
Functions of plasma proteins
Enzymes in the plasma
- Hormone inactivation
- Activated blood coagulation factors: enzymes
- Diagnostic importance: IC enzymes of liver, kidney, muscle and heart origin
Functions of plasma proteins
General protein metabolism
- Plasma proteins change constantly
- Take part in protein metabolism
- Their daily regenerative capacity is 25 % (plasmapheresis)
- 10 g/l decrease in concentration = 1 kg decrease in total protein content of the body
Plasma protein synthesis, location
- Almost all of the proteins are synthesized in the liver
-
Except for:
- Gamma globulins: plasma cells
- HDL and VLDL: intestinal epithelium
- IC enzymes: from heart, liver etc.
-
Except for:
Changes of plasma proteins
Pathological changes
-
Hypo and Hyperproteinemia
- Starving
- Kidney disease
-
Dysproteinemia
- Ratio changes
- Eg. Albumin/globulin
- Ratio changes
-
Paraproteinemia
- Pathological proteins appear
- Eg. Tumor, Bence-jones proteins
- Pathological proteins appear
-
Defect-proteinemia
- Lack of some of the fractions
- Genetic
- Eg. fibrinogen
- Lack of some of the fractions