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Physiology final exam > Topic 28 - Factors determining the blood pressure; pressures on different parts on the circulatory bed, measuring the blood pressure > Flashcards

Topic 28 - Factors determining the blood pressure; pressures on different parts on the circulatory bed, measuring the blood pressure Flashcards

1
Q

Words to include in factors determining the blood pressure

A
  • Pressure gradient
    • Arteries
    • Capillaries
    • Veins
    • Potential energy
    • Kinetic energy
  • Blood flow
  • Systole
  • Diastole
  • Mean arterial pressure
  • Blood pressure (arteries)
    • Work of heart
      • Cardiac output
      • Runoff
        • Systole
        • Stroke volume
      • Frequency ↑
        • Artificial increase
          • Pacemakers
        • Natural increase
          • Sympathetic activation
          • Systolic time ↓
          • Diastolic time ↓
          • Cardiac output ↑
    • Total peripheral resistance (TRP)
      • Mean arterial pressure
    • Structure of vessels
      • Arterial distensibility
        • Elastic elements
        • Myogenic elements
      • Compliance
    • Distribution of blood in the circulatory system
      • Redistribution
      • Arterial volume
    • Locations of the organs in the circulation
      • Parallely attached
      • Perfusion
    • Types of blood flow
      • Laminar flow
      • Turbulent flow
      • Reynolds number
        • Velocity of blood flow (v)
        • Diameter of blood vessels (D)
        • Kinetic viscosity (u)
        • (v x D) / u
  • Capillaries
    • Microcirculation
  • Veins
    • “Vis a tergo”
    • Gravitation
    • Venous valves
    • Skeletal muscle pump
    • Pressure change
      • Chest
      • Abdomen
      • Central Venous Pressure (CVP)
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2
Q

Words to include in pressures on different parts on the circulatory bed

A
  • Arterial blood pressure
    • Systolic pressure
      • 120 mmHg (human)
    • Diastolic pressure
      • 80 mmHg (human)
    • Pulse pressure
      • 120 -80 = 40 mmHg (human)
      • Stroke volume
      • Arterial compliance
    • Mean arterial pressure
      • Normal cardiac cycle
  • Capillary blood pressure
    • Nutrient exchange
    • Metabolite exchange
  • Venous blood pressure
    • Central Venous Pressure
  • Static pressure
    • Postmortem
  • Gravity
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3
Q

Words to include in measurement of blood pressure

A
  • Direct method
    • Anesthetized
    • Carotis
    • Pressure transducter
    • Oscillation
    • Arterial pressure
    • Electrical signals
  • Indirect method
    • Palpation
      • Diastolic blood pressure (ø)
    • Ausculation
      • Tapping sound
      • Systolic blood pressure
      • Diastolic blood pressure
  • Pulse diagnosis
    • Sphygmograph
    • Frequency
    • Rhythm
    • Amplitude
    • Steepness
    • Tension
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4
Q

Topics to include in the essay

A
  1. Factors determining the blood pressure
    • Blood flow
    • Blood pressure
    • Energetic components maintaining pressure gradient
    • Arteries
      • Work of heart
      • Total peripheral resistance (TRP)
      • Structure of the vessels
      • Distribution of blood in the circulatory system
      • Locations of the organs in the circulation
      • Types of blood flow
    • Capillaries
    • Veins
  2. Blood pressure at different parts of the circulation
    • Arterial blood pressure
    • Capillary blood pressure
    • Venous blood pressure
    • Static pressure
    • Gravity
  3. Measurement of blood pressure
    • Direct method
    • Indirect method
  4. Pulse diagnosis
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5
Q

Factors determining blood pressure

General

A
  • Blood flows in the vessels according to its pressure gradient
    • Arteries → capillaries → veins
  • Blood flow is maintained by blood pressure
  • Blood flows in the vessels according to its pressure gradient
  • Blood pressure is maintained by the work of the heart and the peripheral resistance
  • Blood pressure is higher in systole than in diastole
  • Mean arterial pressure: average of the systolic and diastolic pressure
  • Energetic components maintaining pressure gradient:
    1. Potential energy
    2. _​_Kinetic energy
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6
Q

Factors determining blood pressure

Give the factors maintaining the blood pressure in the arteries

A
  1. Work of heart
  2. Total Peripheral Resistance (TRP)
  3. Structure of the vessels
  4. Distribution of blood in the circulatory system
  5. Location of the organs in the circulation
    • ​​Parallelly attached elements in circulation
  6. Types of blood flow
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7
Q

Factors determining blood pressure

Arteries, work of the heart

A
  • Cardiac output is the main parameter to describe the work of the heart
  • Runoff
    • It is the same amount of blood, which moves from the arterial to the venous part
    • During systole, runoff is lower than stroke volume
    • The difference between the stroke volume and the runoff determines the actual change in the arterial volume during systole
  • Increased frequency
    • Blood pressure ↑, since blood volume↑ is forwarded from venous to arterial system
    • Artificial increase:
      • Pacemakers
      • Only diastolic duration ↓
      • Cardiac output ↓
    • Natural increase:
      • Sympathetic activation
      • Systolic time ↓
      • Proportionally reduced diastolic time
      • Cardiac output ↑
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8
Q

Factors determining blood pressure

Arteries, Total Peripheral Resistance (TRP)

A
  • TRP ↑ = blood pressure ↑
  • A suddenTPR ↑, while other parameters remain constant = runoff ↓
  • The arterial blood volume grows and a consequent increase of the mean arterial pressure helps to forward the stroke volume towards the increased resistance
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9
Q

Factors determining blood pressure

Arteries, structure of the vessels

A
  • Arterial distensibility
    • Distensibility: the volume change related to the unit change of pressure and related to the original volume
    • Vessels are distensible due to:
      1. Elastic elements
      2. Myogenic elements
      • These two elements keep the vessels in contracted state in resting
  • Compliance: the volume change per unit pressure change
    • Decreasing with age
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10
Q

Factors determining blood pressure

Arteries, distribution of blood in the circulatory system

A
  • Distribution is determined by total cross sectional area of vessels and the structure of the wall
  • Physiological relevance: cardio-vascular regulation may rearrange the blood distribution according to the need of the organism (redistribution)
  • Effect of arterial volume on blood pressure
    • Arterial volume ↑ = blood pressure ↑
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11
Q

Factors determining blood pressure

Arteries, locations of the organs in the circulation

A
  • The circulatory bed of the individual organs are parallelly attached to each other.
  • This makes it possible:
    • The changes in perfusion of one organ does not suddenly changes the work of the heart
    • Since the sum of the resistances of parallelly attached elements is smaller than the resistance of the individual members (organs) of the system
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12
Q

Factors determining blood pressure

Arteries, types of blood flow

A
  1. Laminar flow
    • ​​Ø turbulence
  2. Turbulent flow
    • ​​Due to high velocity of the flow
  • Reynold’s number
    • ​V: velocity of blood flow
    • D: diameter of blood vessels
    • u: kinetic viscosity

Figure: Reynold’s number

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13
Q

Factors determining blood pressure

Capillaries

A

Microcirculation

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14
Q

Factors determining blood pressure

Veins

A
  1. “Vis a tergo” the work of the heart (force form behind)
  2. Gravitation
  3. Venous valves
  4. Skeletal muscle pump
  5. Rhythmic changes of muscle tension
  6. Changing pressure in chest and abdomen
  7. Central Venous Pressure (CVP)
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15
Q

Blood pressure at different parts of the circulation

A
  • Arterial blood pressure
    • Systolic pressure
      • ​120 mmHg (human)
    • Diastolic pressure
      • ​80 mmHg (human)
    • Pulse pressure
      • ​120 - 80 = 40 mmHg (human)
      • Difference between systolic and diastolic pressure
      • Influenced by SV and arterial compliance
    • Mean arterial pressure
      • ​During: Normal cardiac cycle
      • Systole is longer than diastole
      • Average of systolic and diastolic pressure
  • Capillary blood pressure
    • Major form of nutrient and metabolite exchange
  • Venous blood pressure
    • Central Venous Pressure (CVP)
  • Static pressure
    • Can be measured postmortem
  • Due to gravity
    • Arterial pressure are lower above the heart and higher below the heart
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16
Q

Measurement of blood pressure

A
  1. Direct method
    • It can be used on fully anesthetized animal inserting a fluid-filled catheter into the carotis, which is connected to a pressure transducer that converts the oscillation of the arterial pressure into recordable electrical signals
  2. Indirect method
    • Palpation
      • Ø Diastolic blood pressure
    • Ausculation
      • A tapping sound indicates the value of systolic blood pressure
      • The disappearance of the tapping sound indicates the value of the diastolic pressure
      • Tapping sound: blood flowing between the walls of the artery before they clap together
17
Q

Pulse diagnosis

A
  • Carried out with sphygmograph

​

  • Description of pulse:
    • Frequency
    • Rhythm
    • Amplitude
    • Steepness
    • Tension

Physiology final exam (111 decks)

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