Topic 34 - Respiratory tracts, respiratory movements, panting Flashcards

1
Q

Words to include in respiratory tracts

A

Upper respiratory tract

  • Nasal cavity
    • Defense
    • Air conditioning
    • Heat transfer
  • Oral cavity
    • Ventilation
  • Pharynx
    • Defensive function
      • Lymphatic system
  • Larynx
    • Voice formation

Lower respiratory tract

  • Filtering
  • Protective function
  • Upper part of lower respiratory tract
    • Trachea
    • Main bronchus
    • Gas exchange (ø)
    • Defensive role
      • Goblet cells
        • Mucin - IgA
  • Trachea
    • Protection
    • Goblet cells
  • Bronchus
    • Protection
    • Goblet cells
  • Terminal bronchus
    • Cilitated epithelium (ø)
  • Bronciolus respiratorius
    • Respiratory epithelium
  • Alveolus
    • Ventilation
    • Gas-exchange
    • Layers:
      • Surfacant
      • Alveolar epithelium
      • Basal membrane
      • Capillary endothelium
  • Alveolar wall
    • Pneumocytes
      • Epithel providing the actual gas exchange
      • Surfacant
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2
Q

Words to include in respiratory movements

A
  • Inspiration
    • Active process
    • Participants:
      • Diaphragm
      • Mm. intercostales externi
      • Abdominal muscles
    • Muscle work is needed to work against collapsing tendency
      Expitation
    • Passive process
    • Collapsing tendency of lungs
      • Surface tension of alveoli
      • Elastic elements of lung
      • Total collapse (ø)
        • Adhesional forces
          • Fluid-film
          • Visceral pleura → parietal pleura
  • Active inspiration
    • Diaphragm
      • Expand inner space of chest
  • Passive expiration
    • Collapsing tendency
      • Surface tension of alveoli
      • Elastic elements of the lung
  • Pause of respiration
    • Chest in rest
    • Balanced status
    • Intrapleural pressure lower than atmospheric pressure
  • Mouse-elephant curve
    • Breathing frequency depending on metabolic activity
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3
Q

Words to include in panting

A
  • Physological gas-exchange
  • Heat exchange
    • Thermoregulation
  • Parietal air flow
    • Slow
    • Gass pressure maintained
    • Ø increase in elimination of CO2
  • Central air flow
    • Fast
    • Perspiration
      • Heat exchange
      • Stimulates water release
  • Hyperventilation (in other species)
    • Alkalosis
      • Loss of CO2
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4
Q

Respiratory tracts

A
  • Separated into upper and lower respiratory tract

Upper respiratory tract

  1. Nasal cavity
    • ​Defense
    • Air conditioning
    • Heat transfer
  2. Oral cavity
    • ​Ventilation in case of increased respiration
  3. Pharynx
    • Defensive functiondue to thelymphatic system
  4. Larynx
    • Place of voice formation

Lower respiratory tract

  • The upper part of the lower respiratory tract is composed of trachea and main bronchus
    • Lack gas exchange
    • Defensive role
      • The epithelium contains goblet cells which produces mucin - IgA
  1. Trachea
    • Protection, goblet cells
  2. Bronchus
    • ​​Protection, goblet cells
  3. Terminal bronciole
    • Ø ciliated epithelium
  4. Bronchiolus respiratorius
    • ​Respiratory epithelium
  5. Alveolus
    • Basic unit of ventilation
    • Where gas-exchange takes place
    • 4 layers:
      1. ​Surfacant
      2. Alveolar epithelium
      3. Basal membrane
      4. Capillary endothelium
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5
Q

Respiratory movements

A
  • Two compartments:
    • Inspiration
    • Expiration

Inspiration

  • Active process
  • Participants:
    • Diaphragm (expands the inner space of the chest)
    • Mm. intercostales externi (raise the ribs)
    • Abdominal muscles
  • During inspiration, active muscles work is needed against the collapsing tendency of the lungs

Expiration

  • Passive process
  • The lungs has a collapsing tendency
    • Due to:
      • Surface tension of alveoli
      • Elastic elements of the lung
    • Total collapse is pervented by adhesional forces:
      • A fluid film between the visceral pleura and parietal pleura
    • Returning of ribs to resting position and passive pressure from abdominal direction (diaphragm) help the process

Movements of respiration

  • Respiration is separated into 3 movements
  1. Active inspiration
    • Diaphragm has the major role (especially in large animals), expanding the inner space of the chest
  2. Passive expiration
    • Driven by the collapsing tendency of the lung returning ribs to normal position
  3. ​​Pause of respiration
    • Chest in rest, balanced status
    • The intrapleural pressure is lower than the atmospheric pressure
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6
Q

Respiratory movements

Interspecies differences

A
  • Diaphragm plays the most important role at inspiration in large animals
  • The “mouse-elephant” curve
    • Relationship between body size and breathing frequency
    • The breathing frequency depending on metabolic activity is the greatest in animals of the smallest body size

Figure: the “mouse-elephant” curve

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7
Q

Panting

A
  • Physological gas-excange
  • Primarily used for heat exchange - thermoregulation
  • Occurs in eg. cat, dog and pig
  • Separated into:
    1. Parietal air flow
      • Slow
      • Gas pressure is maintained, elimination of CO2 will not increase despite the high panting frequency
    2. Central air flow
      • Fast
      • Heat excange and stimulates water release in the mouth (perspiration)
  • Hyperventilation of this manner will cause serious alkalosis in other species, thanks to the loss of CO2
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