Topic 34 - Respiratory tracts, respiratory movements, panting Flashcards
1
Q
Words to include in respiratory tracts
A
Upper respiratory tract
- Nasal cavity
- Defense
- Air conditioning
- Heat transfer
- Oral cavity
- Ventilation
- Pharynx
- Defensive function
- Lymphatic system
- Defensive function
- Larynx
- Voice formation
Lower respiratory tract
- Filtering
- Protective function
- Upper part of lower respiratory tract
- Trachea
- Main bronchus
- Gas exchange (ø)
- Defensive role
- Goblet cells
- Mucin - IgA
- Goblet cells
- Trachea
- Protection
- Goblet cells
- Bronchus
- Protection
- Goblet cells
- Terminal bronchus
- Cilitated epithelium (ø)
- Bronciolus respiratorius
- Respiratory epithelium
- Alveolus
- Ventilation
- Gas-exchange
-
Layers:
- Surfacant
- Alveolar epithelium
- Basal membrane
- Capillary endothelium
- Alveolar wall
- Pneumocytes
- Epithel providing the actual gas exchange
- Surfacant
- Pneumocytes
2
Q
Words to include in respiratory movements
A
- Inspiration
- Active process
-
Participants:
- Diaphragm
- Mm. intercostales externi
- Abdominal muscles
- Muscle work is needed to work against collapsing tendency
Expitation - Passive process
- Collapsing tendency of lungs
- Surface tension of alveoli
- Elastic elements of lung
- Total collapse (ø)
- Adhesional forces
- Fluid-film
- Visceral pleura → parietal pleura
- Adhesional forces
- Active inspiration
- Diaphragm
- Expand inner space of chest
- Diaphragm
- Passive expiration
- Collapsing tendency
- Surface tension of alveoli
- Elastic elements of the lung
- Collapsing tendency
- Pause of respiration
- Chest in rest
- Balanced status
- Intrapleural pressure lower than atmospheric pressure
- Mouse-elephant curve
- Breathing frequency depending on metabolic activity
3
Q
Words to include in panting
A
- Physological gas-exchange
- Heat exchange
- Thermoregulation
- Parietal air flow
- Slow
- Gass pressure maintained
- Ø increase in elimination of CO2
- Central air flow
- Fast
- Perspiration
- Heat exchange
- Stimulates water release
- Hyperventilation (in other species)
- Alkalosis
- Loss of CO2
- Alkalosis
4
Q
Respiratory tracts
A
- Separated into upper and lower respiratory tract
Upper respiratory tract
-
Nasal cavity
- Defense
- Air conditioning
- Heat transfer
-
Oral cavity
- Ventilation in case of increased respiration
-
Pharynx
- Defensive functiondue to thelymphatic system
-
Larynx
- Place of voice formation
Lower respiratory tract
- The upper part of the lower respiratory tract is composed of trachea and main bronchus
- Lack gas exchange
-
Defensive role
- The epithelium contains goblet cells which produces mucin - IgA
-
Trachea
- Protection, goblet cells
-
Bronchus
- Protection, goblet cells
-
Terminal bronciole
- Ø ciliated epithelium
-
Bronchiolus respiratorius
- Respiratory epithelium
-
Alveolus
- Basic unit of ventilation
- Where gas-exchange takes place
- 4 layers:
- Surfacant
- Alveolar epithelium
- Basal membrane
- Capillary endothelium
5
Q
Respiratory movements
A
- Two compartments:
- Inspiration
- Expiration
Inspiration
- Active process
- Participants:
- Diaphragm (expands the inner space of the chest)
- Mm. intercostales externi (raise the ribs)
- Abdominal muscles
- During inspiration, active muscles work is needed against the collapsing tendency of the lungs
Expiration
- Passive process
- The lungs has a collapsing tendency
- Due to:
- Surface tension of alveoli
- Elastic elements of the lung
-
Total collapse is pervented by adhesional forces:
- A fluid film between the visceral pleura and parietal pleura
- Returning of ribs to resting position and passive pressure from abdominal direction (diaphragm) help the process
- Due to:
Movements of respiration
- Respiration is separated into 3 movements
-
Active inspiration
- Diaphragm has the major role (especially in large animals), expanding the inner space of the chest
-
Passive expiration
- Driven by the collapsing tendency of the lung returning ribs to normal position
- Pause of respiration
- Chest in rest, balanced status
- The intrapleural pressure is lower than the atmospheric pressure
6
Q
Respiratory movements
Interspecies differences
A
- Diaphragm plays the most important role at inspiration in large animals
- The “mouse-elephant” curve
- Relationship between body size and breathing frequency
- The breathing frequency depending on metabolic activity is the greatest in animals of the smallest body size
Figure: the “mouse-elephant” curve
7
Q
Panting
A
- Physological gas-excange
- Primarily used for heat exchange - thermoregulation
- Occurs in eg. cat, dog and pig
- Separated into:
-
Parietal air flow
- Slow
- Gas pressure is maintained, elimination of CO2 will not increase despite the high panting frequency
-
Central air flow
- Fast
- Heat excange and stimulates water release in the mouth (perspiration)
-
Parietal air flow
- Hyperventilation of this manner will cause serious alkalosis in other species, thanks to the loss of CO2