Topic 61 - Motility of the forestomachs, eructation, rumination Flashcards

1
Q

Words to include in motility of the forestomach

A
  • Light bolus
  • Heavy bolus
  • Gas pocket
  • Reticular-rumen cycle
    • Reticular contraction
    • Resting
    • Ruminating
    • Erucating
    • Fermentation product
    • Density
    • Biphasic contraction
    • Reguritation
    • Mixing
  • Omasal contraction
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2
Q

Words to include in rumination

A
  • Saliva
  • Physiological pH
  • Reflex mechanism
  • Mechanoreceptors
  • Ruminal mucosa
  • Afferent fibers
    • N. vagus
    • Reflux
    • Myencephalon
    • Ventral area of hypothalamus
  • Efferent fibers
    • Salivary glands
    • Esophagus
    • Reticulum
  • Reguritation
  • Remastication
  • Redegutition
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3
Q

Words to include in erucation

A
  • Gas production
    • CO2
    • Methane
  • Stretch receptors
  • Antiperistaltic gas transport
    • Esophagus
    • Pharynx
  • Nasopharyngeal closure
  • Alveolar air
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4
Q

Words to include in motility of the omasum

A
  • Water
  • Electrolytes
  • Suckling effect
  • Suckling-pressure pump
  • Reticulo-omasal opening
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5
Q

Words to include in motility of abomasum

A
  • Peristaltic wave
  • Recurrent flow
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6
Q

Words to include in innervation

A
  • Parasympathetic
    • N. vagus
  • Sympathetic
    • Plexus solearis
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7
Q

Topics to include in the essay

A
  1. General about light bolus and heavy bolus
  2. Motility of the forestomach
    • Ruminoreticular cycle
      • Erucation
      • Rumination
  3. Motility of omasum
    • The role of the reticulo-omasal opening
  4. Motility of abomasum
  5. Innervation of the forestomach
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8
Q

How does the light bolus travel?

A
  • Kept in dorsal sac of rumen for a longer period of time, until it becomes dense enough to sink down to the ventral sac
  • Reticulum
  • Omasum
  • Abomasum
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9
Q

How does the heavy bolus travel?

A
  • Enters directly to the ventral sac, then the reticulum shortly
  • Omasum
  • Abomasum
  • Microbial action happens in the rumen, so the light bolus food gets more exposed to it than the heavy
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10
Q

Motility of the forestomach

General

A
  • In ruminants, cyclic and spontaneous contraction occurs in the first three compartments of the stomach
  • The motility of the compartments is divided into:
    • Reticular-rumen cycle
    • Omasal contraction
  • Rumen contracts 6-8 times in 5 minutes
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11
Q

Motility of the forestomach

Ruminoreticular cycle

A
  • Types of activity:
    • Resting
    • Rumination
    • Erucation
  • Role: separating the fermentation products according to their density, and mixing the forestomach content and transporting it to the abomasum
  • The contraction starts in reticulum and spreads through rest of the rumen in a highly specific manner
  1. Reticulum
    • Biphasic contraction
  2. Cranial sac
    • Contraction inhibits flow between the cranial and caudal sacs
  3. Caudodorsal sac
    • ​​Contraction pushes content to the ventral direction
    • Mixing begins
  4. Ventral and caudoventral blind sac
    • ​​Mixing proceeds
  5. Ventral sac
    • ​​Complete mixing
  6. Erucation
  7. Rumination
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12
Q

Motility of the forestomach

Erucation

A
  1. Gas production
    • Gas consists of CO2 and methane
  2. Gas location
    • On the top of the dorsal rumen sac
  3. Gas enters cardia
    • Stretch receptors of the dorsal rumen sac are stimulated
    • Dorsal sac, cranial and caudal ruminal pillars contract and press the gas cranially
    • Reticulum dilates
  4. Antiperistaltic gas transport in the esophagus
    • ​Cardia opens reflexively - the gas gets into the esophagus
    • Gas is passed towards the pharynx by antiperistalsis
  5. Gas leaves the rumen
    • Nasopharyngeal closure
    • The gas can either:
      • Enter the lungs
        • Gas becomes balanced with the alveolar air
      • Emptied through nare
      • Enter the circulation
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13
Q

Motility of the forestomach

Rumination

A
  • Saliva secreted during rumination contribute to the normal amount of fluid and to the physiological pH of the reticulo-rumen
  • Rumination is a reflex mechanism
    • Initiated by mechanoreceptors in the ruminal mucosa in reticulum and cardia
  • Afferent fibers:
    • N. vagus
    • Run to the myencephalon and to the ventral area of the hypothalamus
  • Efferent fibers innervate:
    • Salivary glands
    • Esophagus
    • Reticulum
  1. Reguritation
    • Bolus enters into cardia-esophagus:
      • Saliva swallowing
      • Inspiration with closed glottis (Müller’s experiment)
      • Cardia opens reflexively
      • Regurgitation contraction
    • Esophageal phase:
      • Bolus squeezed
      • Bolus is separated and passed further by antiperistalsis
      • The bolus enters the oral cavity
  2. Remastication
    • Remastication
    • Mixing with saliva
    • Swallowing with saliva (2-3 times)
  3. Redegutition
    • Swallowing the remasticated bouls
    • Bolus is mixed in the rumen
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14
Q

Innervation of the forestomach motility

A
  • Parasympathetic:
    • N. vagus
    • Increases the intensity and frequency of the forestomach motility
  • Sympathetic:
    • Plexus solearis
    • Decreases forestomach motility
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