Topic 105 - Intentional movements and the cerebellum Flashcards
Words to include in intentional movement
Stages of voluntary movement
- Intension to move
- Limbic
- Movement planning
- Brodman 6 area
- Coordination of movement
- Cerebellum
- Basal ganglion
- Execution of movement
- Brodman 4 area precentral gyrus
- Movement
- Spinal cord
- Muscle
- Proprioceptions
- Afferentation
- Other afferentations
- Visual
- Hearing
- Thalamic mediation
- Movement initiating areas
- Limbic system
- Emotion
- Orbital cortex
- Hypothalamus
- Vegetative integration
- Endocrine integration
- System of basal ganglia
- Movement patterns
- Limbic system
Words to include in cerebellum
Motor cortex
- Cerebral cortex
- Brodmann area
- Brodman 4
- Primary motor area
- Precentral gyrus
- Pyramidal tracts
- Final execution of movements
- Brodman 6 area
- Premotor cortex
- Somatotopy
- Determination of movement order
- A part of Brodman 6 area
- Supplementary area
- Center of intention of complex movement
- Motor pathways
- Pyramidal tracts
- Percentral gyrus, brodman 4
- Decussation of pyramids
- Contralateral interneurons
- Alpha and gamma motorneurons
- Extrapyramidal tracts
- Rubospinal tract
- Vestibulospinal tract
- Tectospinal tract
- Reticulospinal tract
- Pyramidal tracts
Basal ganglia and cerebellum
- Movement execution
- Planned movements
- Afferent
- Cortex
- Basal ganglia
- Sensory information
- Thalamus
- Voluntary movement
- Generate intention for movement
- Emotional afferentation
- Striatum
- Pallidum
- Substantia nigra
- Reticular substance
- GABAergic activity
- Inner regulatory circuit
- Basic inhibitory tone
- Cerebellum
- Correction and refinement of movement plane
- Learning and storing complex movement plans
- Cortical movement patterns
Vestibulocerebellum
- Arachiocerebellum
- Vestibular apparatus
- Eye movement
- Balance
- Afferents
- Vestibular apparatus
- Deiters nucleus
- Collaterals of the visual pathway
- Vestibular apparatus
- Efferentation
- Alpha and gamma motorneurons of spinal cord
- Nucleus Fastigii
- Deiters nucleus
- Reticular formation
- Nucleus ruber
Spinocerebellum
- Spinocerebellar tracts
- Paleocerebellum
- Afferentations
- Lateral (Flechsig) spinocerebellar tracts
- Ventral (Gowers) spinocerebellar tracts
- Efferentation
- Alpha and gamma motor neurons
- Somatotropic localization
- Finely adjust the strength of the muscle
Cerebrocerebellum
- Afferentations
- Brodman 4
- Primary motor area
- Brodman 6
- Premotor cortex
- Gyrus postcentralis
- Sensory cortex
- Brodman 4
- Efferentations
- Dentate nucleus (beginning)
- Thalamus
- Premotor area of the motor cortex
- Nucleus ruber
- Spinal cord nucleus ruber axis
- Dentate nucleus - nucleus ruber- motor cortex loop
- Cortical movement plan
- Cerebellar movement pattern
- Movement planning
- Timing of movement
Cerebellar module
- Functioal unit of cerebellum
- GABAer inhibitory cells
- Purkinje cells
- Firing of deep nuclei (Ø)
- Cerebellar efferent system
- Inhibitory neuron
- Main integrator cell type of the cerebellar cortex
- Stellate cells
- Basket cells
- Purkinje cells
- Glutamaterg facilitating cells / axons
- Granular cells
- Climbing fibers
- Mossy fibers
- Efferentation center of cerebellum
- Cerebellar deep nuclei area
- Nucl. fastigii
- Interpositus nuclei
- Dentate nuclei
- Fibers reaches
- Motor cortex
- Nuclei of the brain stem
- Nucleus Deiters
- Cerebellar deep nuclei area
- Somatotopic localization
Concequences of removal of the cerebellum
- Refined coordinated movement (Ø)
- Vestibulocerebellum (Ø)
- Incoordinated, ataxic movement
- Spinocerebellum (Ø)
- Accurate fine movement (Ø)
- Cerebellocerebellum (Ø)
- Movement planning (Ø)
- Ataxia
- Hypotonia
- Dysmetria
- Dyadochochinesis
- Fast altering movement execution
Inential movements
Give the stages of volutary movement
- Intension to move (limbic)
- Movement planning (Brodman 6 area)
- Coordination of movement (cerebellum & basal ggl)
- Execution of movement (Brodman area precentral gyrus)
- Movement: spinal cord and muscle
- Proprioceptions (afferentation)
- Other afferentation (visual/hearing)
- Thalamic mediation
Itentional movement
Give the most important movement intiating areas
- Limbic system (emotion)
- Orbital cortex
- Hypothalamus (vegetative and endocrine integration)
- System of basal ganglia (movement patters)
Brodmann area
- Brodmann area: regions of the cerebral cortex in primates, defined by its structure and organization of cells
- Motor cortex: The cortical area, that is responsible for small stimulus evoke movements of the controlateral body side are called motor cortex
-
Primary motor area
- Brodmann 4 area
- Precentral gyrus
- Origin of pyramidal tracts
- Role: final execution of movements
-
Premotor cortex
- __Brodmann 6 area
- Role: determination of the complex sequence of movement
- Shows somatotopy
-
Supplementary area
- A part of Brodmann 6 area
- Center of intention of complex movement
Motor pathways
-
Motor pathways originate at two areas:
-
Pyramidal tracts
- __Axons derive from the pyramidal cells of the 5th cytoarchitectonial layer
- These fibers leave as corticospinal and bulbospinal tracts, giving collaterals to brain stem, cerebellum and basal ganglia
- The fibers end on alpha and gamma motorneurons of the ventral horn of the spinal cord
-
Extrapyramidal system
-
Formed by:
- Rubospinal tract
- Vestibulospinal tract
- Tectospinal tract
- Reticulospinal tract
-
Formed by:
-
Pyramidal tracts
Basal ganglia and cerebellum
What are their function together
- In movement execution the parallel function of basal ganglia and cerebellum is important
- The two motor systems are informed about planned movments via afferentation from the cortex
- They compare the existing movement patterns with the plan and send it back to the cortex in a modified, coordinated form
Basal ganglia and cerebellum
Efferentation
- Their efferentation is dual
- They provide thalamus with tonic vegetiative impulses (GABAergic)
- They send efferents to the brain stem nuclei and influences the posture
Cerebellum
Role of cerebellum
- Cerebellum is the organ of movement coordination and movement learning
- Role of cerebellum
- Correction and refinement of the movement plan
- Learning and storing complex movement plans
Cerebellum
Afferentation
- Afferent connecitions with:
- Vestibular area
- Spinal area
- Cortical area
- Afferentation is integrated by the purkinje cells
Cerebellum
Efferentation
- No direct efferent connection to the spinal cord
- Cerebellum directs muscle function by indirectly influencing cortical movement patterns
Cerebellum
Give the major division of cerebellum
- There are three functional areas of cerebellum:
- Vestibulocerebellum
- Spinocerebellum
- Cerebrocerebellum
Cerebellum
Vestibulocerebellum: O__rigin and main function
- Origin:
- Arachiocerebellum
- Vestibular apparatus
- Main function: To ensure appropriate eye movement and balance
Cerebellum
Vestibulocerebellum: Afferentation
- Afferents are arriving into the cerebellum from two locations:
- Vestibular apparatus
- Collaterals of the visual pathway
Cerebellum
Vestibulocerebellum: Efferentation
-
Efferentation reaches alpha and gamma motorneurons of the spinal cord through:
- Fastigii nucleus
- Deiters nucleus
- Reticular formation
- Ruber nucleus