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mental health + neurobiology > the sleep cycle > Flashcards

the sleep cycle Flashcards

1
Q

what are 3 triggers for sleep?

A

Diurnal patterning is key
Arousal levels
Learnt behaviour

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2
Q

3 main regions control arousal

A

Brainstem reticular formation

Thalamus – Reticular nuclei

ARAS (Ascending reticular activating system)

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3
Q

what is included in the brainstem reticular formation?

A

Spans the three brainstem regions

Complicated network of fibres

Heterogeneous matrix

Complex but not Random

Some defined nuclei

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4
Q

what is the thalamus ?

A

Multinucleate region in the diencephalon

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5
Q

the thalamus has nuclei involved in 2 features what are they ?

A

1.motar
2.sensation

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6
Q

how many hemispheres are in the thalamus?

A

Two hemispheres linked by the intra-thalamic adhesion.

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7
Q

what is the reticular nucleus involved in?

A

controlling flow through the thalamus.

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8
Q

what is ARAS(ascending reticular activating system)?

A

Fibres from RF acting on thalamus and cortex

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9
Q

what 5 functions is ARAS involved in?

A

Arousal
Motivation
Integration
Motor control
Autonomic control

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10
Q

what are 2 key transmitters controlling in arousal?

A

1.Histamine
2.acetylcholine

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11
Q

what do orexin and melatonin regulate?

A

sleep cycle pattern

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12
Q

orexin

A

hypothalamus

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13
Q

melatonin

A

pineal gland

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14
Q

what 4 disorders is included are orexin and melatonin impacted by?

A

1.jet-lag
2.narcolepsy
3.mood disorder
4.memory.

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15
Q

what are the 3 things in waking?

A

Metabolically demanding
Sympathetic activity
Muscle tone and power

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16
Q

what are the 3 things in non-rem sleep?

A

Metabolism low
Parasympathetic activity
Muscle tension and movement decrease

17
Q

what are the 4 things in rapid eye movement (REM) sleep?

A

Paradoxical Sleep’
Metabolically demanding
Sympathetic activity
Atonia

18
Q

what happens to the levels in wake state

A

noradrenaline, 5HT and histamine levels increase

19
Q

what does the reticular system activate?

A

ACh innervation of reticular nuclei of thalamus. Ach ↑

20
Q

what happens to GABA cells(non rem-sleep cells) in slow-wave sleep?

A

in hypothalamus act on tuberomammillary bodies

21
Q

when gaba cells act on tuberomammilary bodies what happens to the histamine levels?

A

decrease

22
Q

when histamine levels decreases in gaba cells what happens to the act input to the thalamus

A

it decreases and so does the sensory input which is in the resting state

23
Q

what happens to the levels of NA, 5HT in rem state

A

decrease
Loss of NA and 5HT reduces inhibition of ACh

24
Q

in rem sleep what happens to the input to the thalamus?

A

increases and Cortical activity increases, but motor outflow is kept low by activation of glycine pathways

25
Q

what are the 3 stages of rem sleep?

A

Waking
Non-REM (NREM or N)
REM

26
Q

what are the 3 stages of NREM?

A

Stage N1: drowsy
Stage N2: light sleep
Stage N3: deepest - Slow-Wave Sleep (SWS)

27
Q

Dyssomina -sleep disorder
what are the 4 main groups

A

Insomnias - lack of sleep
Parasomnias - around sleep
Sleep apnoea - breathing stopping
Narcolepsy - spontaneous sleep onset

28
Q

Insomnias

A

Inability to fall asleep or remain asleep for sufficient time

29
Q

what are 5 causes of insomnia?

A

Lifestyle (learnt behaviour)
Circadian rhythm disruption (jet-lag)
Emotional Disturbances
Ageing
Children

30
Q

what are the 2 treatments of insomnia?

A

Behavioural therapy
Pharmacological (short term only) – hypnotics*

31
Q

what is parasomnia caused by?

A

around sleep
partial arousal from different stages of sleep
Little/no recall of episode – nightmares/RBD dreams are recalled

32
Q

what are 2 forms of sleep apnoea?

A

1.central
2.obstructive

33
Q

what are risk factors for sleep apnoea?

A

Neurological
Weight/Hypertension
Adenoid/tonsil size/polyps
Smoking/Drinking

34
Q

what are the treatments of sleep apnoea?

A

Pharmacological agents generally ineffective
Weight/BP management
Orthodontic intervention
Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP)
Surgery*

35
Q

what is narcolepsy characterised by?

A

Excessive daytime sleepiness
Sudden onset sleep
Cataplexy - usually emotionally triggered
Sleep paralysis/RLS
Hallucinations – hypnagogic/hypnapompic
Disrupted nocturnal sleep patterns
Automaton-like behaviour

36
Q

what are the causes of narcolepsy?

A

Orexin
Genetic

37
Q

what is the treatment of narcolepsy?

A

Stimulants* and routine

mental health + neurobiology (45 decks)

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