neuroanatomy tell Flashcards
afferent neurons
carry information to the cns
divisions of nervous system in order
central nervous system, peripheral system. motor, sensory , somatic, autonomic nervous system, sympathetic +parasympathetic
efferent neurons
carry information away from cns
what is the 3rd nervous system
enteric nervous system
3 anatomical planes
1.coronal
2.axial(horizontal or transverse)
3.sagittal
4 main orientation that can change with the body position
1.rostral(nose end)
2.caudal(tail end)
3.ventral(belly)
4.dorsal(back)
another 4 things that indicate orientation if position changes
1.anterior
2.posterior
3.superior
4.inferior
another term of for dorsal columns which are located in spinal cord
posterior columns
cerebral hemisphere location
situated between cerebrum and the brainstem is the diencephalon: the thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus.
what is the function of cerebral hemisphere function
higher reasoning, abstract thought, audio and visual processing, and memory.
what are the 3 things cerebral hemisphere characterised by?
1.gyrci
2.sulci
3.fissures
function of gyrci
peaks formed by the folding of the cortical tissue
function of sucri
grooves between the folds of tissue.
function of fissures
describe larger folds, e.g. the lateral fissure separates the temporal lobe from the frontal lobe.
what is the basal ganglia located ?
located deep within the white matter of the cerebral hemispheres.
what is the function of the basal ganglia?
groups of neurons that help to control and fine tune movement.
what are the 4 main nuclie of the basal ganglia?
1.Caudate nucleus
2.Putamen
3.Globus pallidus
4.Subthalamic nuclei
What is the function of limbic system located?
interconnected group of deep cortical nuclei that are involved in emotions and memory.
what are the 5 areas the limbic system involves ?
1.Amygdala
2.Hippocampus
3.Fornix
4.Mammillary bodies
5.Cingulate gyrus
where is the brain stem located?
base of the skull and is continuous with the spinal cord
what are three things that the brainstem comprised of?
1.midbrain
2.pons
3.medulla oblongata
what is the function of the brainstem?
involved in sensory-motor relays and regulating vital autonomic functions (heart rate, respiration rate, sleeping, eating
where is the cerebellum located?
base of the brain, below the cerebral cortex and behind the brainstem.
what is the function of the cerebellum?
timing and planning of movement, memory and posture.
what is the spinal cord
continuation of the brain stem
what is the function of the brain stem?
relaying sensory and motor information between the cerebral cortex, cerebellum and organs and limbs.
in the nervous system, what is the saggital?
where a line has been drawn down through the middle of the brain and the cuts being made along there
in the central nervous system, what is the Longitudinal fissure in the brain?
division of the 2 cerebral hemispheres
in the central nervous system, what is the gyrus?
between the ridges of the brain -it is the dips running along the surface of the brain
what is the function of gyrus?
allow brain to fold into many folds -increase effective surface area and communication for cells
in the central nervous system, what is the post central gyrus ?
main sensory strip control senses we feel in the body
in the central nervous system, what is the precentral gyrus?
frontal lobe on this motor strip- controls movement off the body and then behind
in the central nervous system what is the central sulcus?
separates frontal from parietal lobes
in the central nervous system what is the lateral sulcus?
separates the temporal lobe from frontal and parietal lobes
in the central nervous system, what is poles?
any tip of a thing for example for the occipital lobe there will be an occipital pole
in the central nervous system, what is the Corpus callosum
huge fibre pathway that connects left and right hemisphere
in the central nervous system, what is the optic chiasm and tract?
this is where fibres crossover. The tract feeds into the brain and information are sent back round to the brain to the occipital lobe where it gets processed. Visual pathway comes in crosses over and travels back to the edges of the brain
in the central nervous system,where does the pituitary gland and its function?
sits in skull-releases hormones
where does the left brain control the right side of the body and visa versa?
fibre pathways cross over
what is the function of ventricular system?
cerebral spinal fluid -which coats the brain and protects it is produced and transmitted from
in the ventricular system, what are the anterior horns?
feeds into the fore brain. This projects outwards to occipital lobe. Then branches ran out to the temporal lobe
in the ventricular system, what’s the circle of Willis, and which cerebral artery does it come from?
internal carotid which sends blood through and then comes middle cerebral artery
in the ventricular system, what is the function of middle cerebral artery function?
supplies temporal lobes, part of the frontal lobes and parietal lobes
in the ventricular system, what is the anterior cerebral?
supplies both inside of longitudinal fissure and frontal regions
in the ventricular system, what is the posterior cerebral artery and how is this artery formed?
supplies occipital lobe packs the parietal lobe and cerebellum. This artery is formed by fusion off the circle of Willis with the vessels that supply the brain stem in the spinal cord .The 2 vertebral artery feed down to supply the spinal cord
in the ventricular system, how is the blood flow happening if there Is hard tissue surrounding it?
there is penetrating arteries come off the vessels which penetrate deeper into the tissue
what is the function of cerebellum and brainstem?
Has cranial nerves- control head and neck movement
in the cerebellum and brainstem, what is the floccule and its function?
oldest part of cerebellum if it gets trapped it can cause problems with movement and control of movement.
in the cerebellum from the Dorsal aspect, what is the vermis?
runs down through the cerebellum and at the end of it there are tonsils
in the brainstem, what 2 pairs does it have?
1.superior colliculus
2.inferior colliculus
in the brainstem, what is the superior colliculus involved in?
vision
in the brainstem, what is the inferior colliculus?
hearing
in the brainstem, what is the function of lat geniculate body?
important for vision attached to superior colliculus
in the brainstem, what happens in the 4th ventricle?
passageway from this point runs through middle of the spinal cord. The fourth ventricle -cerebellum sits on top of it
from the ventral aspect in the brainstem, where does the diencephalon sit?
midbrain
how many cranial nerves are there in the brain?
12
what does the cranial 11 receive?
spinal accessory nerves from upper cervical regions
what is the function of cranial 11?
controls head and neck movement
what nerve is cranial 5 called?
trigeminal nerve
what is the function of cranial 5?
controls sensation in the face
function of cranial 6 and 4?
controls eye movements
function of cranial 7?
controls muscles in the face e.g. during speaking and making expressions
function of cranial 8?
sense of hearing and balance known as vestibular of Cocula
what is cranial 9?
hypoglosal
what is the function of cranial 10?
carries and transmits to regions around the body known as vagus. This carries vagal nerve which travels around the body innovating the viscera
what is the function of cranial 12?
tongue movement e.g when we speak highly developed nerve
in the brainstem what system is olive part of?
part of the hearing system
in the brainstem, what do the pyramidal tracts crossover?
pyramid region
in the spinal cord, what regions is the cervical enlargement in?
neck region
in the spinal cord, how many pairs does the thoracic region have?
8 pairs
in the spinal cord, what is the function of the thoracic region?
control arm movements, fine movements of fingers which take a lot of nervous control and that’s why there is an enlargement in this region
in the spinal cord, how many segments are in the lumbar regions?
5 segments lumbar 1-5
what is the function of the lumbar region?
controls leg movement
in the spinal cord, how many pairs of nerves are in the sacral region ?
5 pairs
in the spinal cord, whats the function of sacral region?
controls autonomic responses such as bladder control, control of the rectum, control of the lower organs and the reproductive organs
in the spinal cord, what is the coccygeal nerve?
tip of the spinal cord
in the spinal cords, what is the function of peripheral nerves?
these nerves carry motor outflow from spinal cord and carry sensory input into the spinal cord -mix nerves -carry motor and sensation
in the spinal cord, what is ganglia located?
cell bodies for sensory systems, these long nerves are situated within the grey matter off the spinal cord
in the spinal cord, the central cord there is grey matter surrounding this what does this contain?
cell bodies within the spinal cord
what is contained the white matter in the spinal cord?
contains fibre tracks travelling through spinal cord itself
in the spinal cords, what is the ventral rootlets?
where motor fibres come out these projects via rootlets , could also be known as anterior rootlets
in the spinal cord, when the nerves travel out what nerves do they become?
peripheral nerves
