stress and anxiety Flashcards

1
Q

what are the feelings , stress, anxiety and fear?

A

survival mechanism by which we can respond to threats, or potential threats.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is the key brain region involved in fear behaviours and of learnt responses to stressors?

A

amygdala

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Which region of the temporal lobe contains the amygdala?

A

located within the uncus, on the medial aspect of the temporal lobe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what are the regions divided into from the amygdala which are in the central nervous system?

A

1.centrolateral
2. centromedial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

role of centromedial nucleus ?

A

controls the outflow of activity to the regions controlling behavioural responses to stressors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Which nucleus is the main region for input and integration of information about stressful situations

A

Lateral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Which region of the brain is thought to set the thresholds of emotional state? And where is it located?

A

The insula

situated behind the folds of the lateral fissure and spans the frontal to parietal lobe regions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

cingulate gyrus

A

strip of cortex lying above the corpus callosum that connects left and right hemisphere.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Activity from the amygdala activates the HPA (hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal) axis in response to stressors. Can you remember which 2 hormones the adrenal gland produces in response to stress?

A

1.noradrenaline- from the adrenal medulla.
2.steroid, cortisol-from the adrenal cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what do noradrenaline and stored, cortisol act to increase?

A

metabolism enabling a rapid escape from dangerous situations.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

where does the hypothalamic axes HPA start and go to?

A

hypothalamus progressing to the pituitary then to the adrenal gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

where does the hypothalamic axes HPG start and go to?

A

hypothalamus progressing to the pituitary then to the testes/ovaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

where does the hypothalamic axes HPT start and go to?

A

hypothalamus progressing to the pituitary then to the thyroid.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what 4 groups show chronic stress and anxiety have on the body?

A

1.Affective - altering moods
2.Behavioural
3.Cognitive
4.Physiological

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What type of plasticity increases the strength of response to stimuli

A

long term potentiation-leads to an increase in synaptic strength

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

why does the amygdala have high levels of plasticity ?

A

allowing it to change and adapt to new experiences.

17
Q

what does morphological changes in the principle cells and interneurones leads to?

A

formation strong associations to the stressor, which will initiate a rapid recall of effective behaviours if the trigger is encountered again

18
Q

what do interneurones play a key role in ?

A

controlling fear responses

19
Q

what neurotransmitters do interneurones use ?

A

GABA

20
Q

generalised anxiety disorder

A

excessive worry or anxiety about a range of subjects or life situations lasting for at least six months

21
Q

what 4 functions can generalised anxiety disorder ?

A

1.functioning
2. learning
3.memory
4. sleep.

22
Q

what are 3 related disorders to Phobic anxiety disorders?

A

1.Specific phobias
2.Agoraphobia
3.Social phobia

23
Q

specific phobias

A

fear of specific things

24
Q

Agoraphobia

A

fear of situations where escape is not possible

25
Q

Social phobia

A

fear of social situations

26
Q

Panic disorder

A

describe recurrent episodes of extreme fear and anxiety (panic attacks) that is unrelated to the situation being experienced; there is no specific trigger to the event occurring.

27
Q

Obsessive compulsive disorder

A

includes disorders where patients experience obsessional thought patterns and exhibit ritualistic and compulsive behaviours.

28
Q

Post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

A

associated with experiencing a significant trauma or known event and are some of the most devastating and debilitating forms of anxiety disorder

29
Q

what 5 approaches are used to manage anxiety disorders?

A

1.Conscious Avoidance
2.Relaxation courses
3.Hypnotherapy
4.Creative arts therapies - focussed on healing
5.Eye movement desensitisation and reprogramming (EMDR)

30
Q

what is EMDR?

A

uses rhythmic eye movements in combination with talking therapies to reduce the saliency of experiences

31
Q

what medications are used to control these disorders?

A

1.antidepressants(increase 5HT or NA levels)
2.benzodiazepines(short term)
3.B blockers

32
Q

what do activity do benzodiazepines dampen?

A

anxiolytic/hypnotic group which dampen down hyperactivity via increasing GABA activity - they are positive allosteric modulators) to modulate activity levels and increase positive feelings

33
Q

what activity do β-blockers dampen down?

A

reduce the symptoms, by dampening down activity in the autonomic nervous system.