brain rhythms and wellbeing Flashcards

1
Q

brain waves/rhythms

A

Activity of these neurons is to some extent synchronized in regular firing rhythms

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2
Q

what brain region has many neurones ?

A

cerebral cortex

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3
Q

how to measure brain waves

A

Hertz(Hz)

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4
Q

how is the cortical activity measured in EEG?

A

Electrodes placed on the scalp can pick up variations in electrical potential that arise from this underlying cortical activity

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5
Q

What are EEG signals affected by?

A

state of arousal of the cerebral cortex and show characteristic changes in different stages of sleep.

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6
Q

what external things are EEG signals affected by?

A

-stimulation of external environmentand brain waves can become entrained to external stimuli

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7
Q

what is Electroencephalography used to diagnose?

A

1.epilepsy
2. sleep disorders
3.diagnosis of brain death.

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8
Q

what do EEG result from?

A

slow changes in the membrane potentials of populations of cortical neurons

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9
Q

what 2 cortical neurones contribute to the result of EEG?

A

1.excitatory
2. inhibitory post-synaptic potentials (EPSPs and IPSPs, also known as field potentials)

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10
Q

what do EEG’s reflect?

A

algebraic sum of the electrical potential changes occurring from large populations of cells.

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11
Q

what do large amplitude waves require?

A

synchronous activity of a large number of neurons

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12
Q

where do rhythmic events that these waves reflect often arise?

A

thalamus whose activity is in turn affected by a variety of inputs including structures in the brainstem reticular formation

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13
Q

what happens to the alpha levels when eyes are open ?

A

alpha waves are reduced

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14
Q

what happens to the alpha levels when eyes are closed ?

A

seen as wakeful relaxation

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15
Q

what underpins higher cognitive functions?

A

Activation of the cortical circuitry in the pre-frontal cortex

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16
Q

what are examples of activation of cortical circuitry in the pre frontal cortex -which executive functions does this include?

A

1.planning
2.flexibility
3.working memory
4.task initiation

17
Q

what does greater cortical activity leads to

A

lower alpha activity

18
Q

what area of the brain is associated with reasoning and cognition?

A

frontal cortex

19
Q

Polysomnography(PSG)

A

-evaluation of various behaviours in the lab and sleep conditions in a sleep clinic
-recording/observation of unusual movements during the experimental protocol, or for sleep disorders over an entire night’s sleep

20
Q

what 5 disorders can PSG be helpful to detect?

A

1.sleep apnoea; for nocturnal seizure disorders
2.narcolepsy
3.periodic limb movement disorder
4.unusual movements
5. behaviours during sleep (parasomnias)

21
Q

what physiological parameters included in a PSG

A

EEG (electroencephalogram)
EOG (electrooculogram)
EMG (electromyography)
ECG (electrocardiogram)
Plethysmography
Pulse oximetry

22
Q

EEG (electroencephalogram)

A

record cortical activity

23
Q

EOG (electrooculogram)

A

to record eye movement

24
Q

EMG (electromyography

A

records muscle activity

25
Q

ECG (electrocardiogram

A

record heart rate

26
Q

Plethysmography

A

to record respiratory rate from the chest and abdominal walls

27
Q

Pulse oximetry

A

to record oxygen levels in the blood

28
Q

In PSG when the person has been recorded what other 2 things

A

1.body position
2. record vocal activity.

29
Q

hypanpopmic episode

A

sleep to wake

30
Q

hypnagogic episode

A

wake to sleep

31
Q

What stage of the sleep cycle do night terrors generally occur in

A

stage 3-deep sleep