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mental health + neurobiology > nervous system > Flashcards

nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

what is the nervous system?

A

control centre of the body

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1
Q

3 functions of the nervous system?

A

1.detects things from external + internal environment
2.integrates information
3.decides the info then generates response

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2
Q

what are the 2 divisions of the nervous system?

A

1.central nervous system
2.peripheral nervous system

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3
Q

what is the function pf peripheral nervous system?

A

takes input from outside, feeds it into central nervous system for processing and then the responses come out and are fed out to moto system via this system

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3
Q

central nervous system

A

brain and spinal cord

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4
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

everything outside the brain and spinal cord, going out to the limbs bringing in sensation

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5
Q

Afferent

A

anything coming into the body via the peripheral nervous system to the central nervous system. Goes to something

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6
Q

Efferent

A

anything coming from the central nervous system to the peripheral nervous system. Goes away from something

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7
Q

example of the process

A
  1. someone touching your hand , there will be input from receptors.
    2.input goes into peripheral nervous system
    3.it carried the nerves the afferent system, into central nervous system
    4.goes up through spinal cord to the brain for processing decision making, then efferent system takes over
    5.efferent system feeds out somatic motor or autonomic nervous system(visceral motor)
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8
Q

what is a somatic sensation?

A

someone touching your skin

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9
Q

what is a somatic motor?

A

controls skeletal system

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10
Q

what 4 things is the central nervous system divided into?

A

1.cerebrum
2.brainstem
3.cerebellum
4.spinal cord

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11
Q

what are the 5 lobes that the cerebrum is divided into?

A

1.frontal lobe
2.parietal lobe
3.occipital lobe
4.temporal lobe
5.insular cortex

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12
Q

what is the frontal lobe responsible for?

A

personality,planning+decision making-controls motor flow

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13
Q

what is the parietal lobe responsible for?

A

sensory information-helps know where a person is and integrate the information together

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14
Q

what is the occipital lobe responsible for?

A

visual region -back of the brain below the parietal lobe

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15
Q

what is the temporal lobe responsible for?

A

contains limbic system alongside primary and sensory regions

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16
Q

what is the insular cortex responsible for?

A

fold lateral sulcus , fold the sulcus in between. Function- controls emotions , deciding saliency of experiences-regulator for emotional control

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17
Q

Epithalamus

A

pineal gland-produces melatonin -helps with the sleep wake cycle

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18
Q

Hypothalamus

A

controls autonomic flow -control viscera.The viscera helps with motor influx, sensory influx and motor outflow

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19
Q

brainstem

A

(underneath the cerebrum -controls vital survival behaviours e.g respiratory rate, how deep someone’s breathing+ controls cardiovascular responses .

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20
Q

what does the input and output area do of the brainstem?

A

It is input and output area- sensory coming in from the body goes to viscera through the brainstem.The motar control controlling, speech, hands +legs goes through the brainstem.If this tiny reigon gets effected there will be effects on behaviour

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21
Q

what 3 things is the brainstem divided in?

A

1.midbrain-attaches to cerebrum and pons
2.pons
3.medulla-triangular region at the bottom, joins spinal cord to the side of the brainstem

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22
Q

Cerebellum

A

has many neurones -controls , fine tuning on movements + cognitive functions- helps with procedural learning e.g., learning how to ride bike

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23
Q

spinal cord

A

controls behaviours + coordinates behaviours left+ right , crosstalk across these cords enables inhibition of an excitation of opposing muscle to ensure individual moves the right way

24
Q

what are 2 regions of enlargement?

A

1.cervical enlargement
2.lumbar enlargement

25
Q

what 3 regions is the peripheral nervous system divided into?

A

1.cervical region-around the neck region
2.thoracic cord-mid back to lumbar region(mid to low back)
3.lumbar cord

26
Q

what is the segment at the top of the spinal cord called?

A

coccyx segment- has 1 single pair of nerves coming out

27
Q

how many pairs does the spinal nerves have and what 5 things is it divided in?

A

31 pairs
1.cervical
2.thoracic
3.lumbar
4.sacral

28
Q

how many pairs does the cranial nerves have and what does it control?

A

12 pairs
control the head neck region

29
Q

autonomic plexus

A

travelling alongside nerves -have control for the viscera(autonomic system)

30
Q

brachial plexus

A

network of nerves which transmit signals responsible for motor and sensory innervation of the upper extremities

31
Q

lumbar sacral plexus

A

controlling legs at the bottom

32
Q

what 2 systems is autonomic nervous system made of?

A

1.parasympathetic
2.sympathetic

33
Q

Sympathetic

A

fight, flight or fright – stress response- turn functions of such as dilate the pupils to see the danger. Situation which triggers this: getting out of a difficult situation. All blood is put through towards the muscles

34
Q

Parasympathetic

A

rest and digest

35
Q

what does it mean if parasympathetic is cranial sacral, what 3 things does it control?

A

1.controls pupil dilation
2.sweat glands
3. production of saliva

36
Q

Enteric nervous system

A

controls gut function

37
Q

what is the function of enteric nervous system?

A

controls the production of serotonin for the body.90% of the serotonin found within body is produced by the gut

38
Q

what are neurones?

A

cells for communication

39
Q

interneurons

A

sculpt the activity. These are the small cells found in between the networks controlling + dampening down activity. They are inhibitory , use GABA.

40
Q

function of interneurones

A

sculpt neuronal activity because principal cells communicate
Inhibition-controls sculpting of the patterns, gives subtle range of behaviours, surrounding key cells-gilal.

41
Q

Glia

A

keeps environment optimal for communication. They could form tumours within the central nervous system

42
Q

astrocytes

A

links blood vessels to the neurones- main food supply

43
Q

microgila

A

act like white blood cells- mop up damage ,if they get overzealous could attack the nervous system form epithelial around the brain small glial cell activated by trauma
3.oligendrogilal cell- provide myelin sheathing around the axon. Put feat in the cells podocytes which wrap around to protect it

44
Q

schwann cells

A

this cell wraps around axon to protect it and control that activity

45
Q

ependymal cells

A

simple, ciliated, cuboidal cells that form lining of ventricular system

46
Q

what 3 things is neurones categorised in?

A

multipolar
bipolar
pseudo(unipolar)

47
Q

Multipolar

A

these have a cell body with lots of input going into them. Found in areas such as hippocampus where they integrate information, learning + memory.
-have lots of input going in lots of dendrites feeding into the cell
-long axon -sends out optic terminals to connect other cells

48
Q

Bipolar

A

seen in sensory systems e.g., eyes nose. These have dendrites at 1 end and process that feeds into cell body then axon that leaves cell body

49
Q

Pseudo) unipolar

A

1 process could be known as seudo as one axon going in and one going of the cell. All of dendrites, cell body, soma, have 1 axon that feeds out to connect with next cells and synaptic terminals where transmitters are released or gap junctions occur to connect with next cell.

50
Q

Transmitters

A

90% of principal cells within the brain use glutamate as transmitter

51
Q

what are 2 main transmitters?

A

1.exitatory
2.inhibitory GABA

52
Q

excitatory

A

uses glutamate -activates the next cell in the line. Works on myotropic types of receptors or ion channels which allows things such as sodium or calcium into the cell which activates cell.

53
Q

inhibitory GABA

A

Gaba amino butyric acid. Interneurons use GABA. It is a receptor which is chloride channel which allows chloride- which hyper polarises cell to make it less likely to fire which sculpts the activity

54
Q

Neuromodulators

A

acts on receptor or membranes to indirectly alter neuronal activity

55
Q

what happens during neruonal action potential at rest?

A

there’s little fluctuation between sodium and potassium
As sodium comes in the cell and potassium goes out there’s depolarisation

56
Q

what happens during neruonal action potential once you hit the threshold for action potential activation?

A

voltage gated sodium channels are going to open so there is large influx of sodium in

57
Q

what happens as potassium goes out of the channels in neuronal potential?

A

become inactive as little chain and ball flips. However, potassium is still going out as there are lot more slower channels.
As potassium is going out there’s repolarization of the cell
There will be little movement of potassium when you get back to resting potential

58
Q

Absolute refractory period

A

if there is any stimulation coming in nothing is going to reactivate

59
Q

Normal refractory period

A

change from inactive to closed-at this point sodium channels are closed not active then another channel can be activated

60
Q

what ways can transmission be altered?

A

myelin-lots of myelin is needed to ensure quick flowing transmission
-receptor type
-transmitter levels- decreasing those can leads to depressive states
-receptor numbers-low activity levels – cells will be active so it will keep producing them and there will be many receptors
-length of the axon
-damage- different types of damage within nervous system – stroke , concussion, trauma

mental health + neurobiology (45 decks)

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