neuroendocrinology

Question 1

neuroendocrinology

Answer 1

branch of the biological sciences dealing with neurosecretion and the physiological interaction between the central nervous system and the endocrine system

Question 2

what do neuroendocrine cells receive ?

Answer 2

neuronal input and secrete hormones in response to that input – the sites where this occurs are the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland

Question 3

what homeostatic functions are controlled by the neuroendocrine system?

Answer 3

1.blood pressure and electrolyte composition
2.body temperature
3.energy metabolism
4.reproduction
5.stress response
6.growth

Question 4

Blood pressure and electrolyte composition

Answer 4

control of drinking and salt appetite and control of blood osmolality and vasomotor tone

Question 5

Body temperature

Answer 5

metabolic thermoregulation and behaviours like seeking an appropriate environment

Question 6

3 processes in energy metabolism

Answer 6

1.feeding
2.digestion
3.metabolic rate

Question 7

Reproduction

Answer 7

hormonal control of mating, pregnancy and lactation

Question 8

Stress response

Answer 8

adrenal stress hormones

Question 9

Growth

Answer 9

growth hormone

Question 10

what is does the hypothalamus function?

Answer 10

integrate autonomic nervous system signals and endocrine function with behaviour, especially behaviour concerned with basic homeostatic requirements of every day life

Question 11

what 3 ways can the homeostasis be controlled through?

Answer 11

1.Behavioural responses
2.Neuronal control through the autonomic nervous system
3.Hormonal control through hormone release from the pituitary gland

Question 12

what are the 2 main mechanisms by which the hypothalamus can regulate the pituitary gland?

Answer 12

1. parvocellular neurones
   2.magno cellular neurones

Question 13

parvocellualar neurones

Answer 13

small neurones and small axons which signal to the anterior pituitary(which links to the hypothalamus) via the hypothetical portal system which involves the portal vein

Question 14

portal vein

Answer 14

comes from 1 capillary bed to another capillary bed , links directly to other areas of the body

Question 15

what do Parvo cellular neurones release

Answer 15

release hormones into the portal system - these hormones make a direct route through the blood to the pituitary

Question 16

what happens when the Parvo cellular neurones release hormones and the go through the blood to the pituitary ?

Answer 16

bind to the target receptors in the anterior pituitary cells and signal to the anterior pituitary which responds to those signals by releasing other hormones

Question 17

in parvo cellular neurones cell when the hormones are released, where are they released to?

Answer 17

general circulation

Question 18

magno cellular neurones

Answer 18

bigger neurones and longer axons(these are In the hypothalamus

Question 19

in magno cellular neurones where do the longer axons project?

Answer 19

-directly into the posterior pituitary -theres no portal system here

Question 20

in the magno cellular neurones, where do the axons project to ?

Answer 20

general circulation

Question 21

once hormones have reached the general circulation phase where do they signal?

Answer 21

to the downstream gland

Question 22

what are the 3 downstream glands?

Answer 22

1.thyroid
2.gonads-overies or testes
3.adrenal

Question 23

access

Answer 23

when the hormones in general circulation are signalled to a down stream gland

Question 24

what is one example of three things would make an axis ?

Answer 24

1.hypothalamus
2.pituitary
3.gonand

Question 25

what 2 things does the infundibulam link?

Answer 25

the pituitary and the hypothalamus

Question 26

what 4 main groups have the nuclei of the hypothalamus been divided into?

Answer 26

1.pre optic area 2.anterior o super optic region 3.middle region or tubule 4.posterior region

Question 27

where is the para ventricular nucleus

Answer 27

this is in the anterior region

Question 28

what is para ventricular nucleus involved in?

Answer 28

stress hormone, hormone Thyroid releasing hormone(TRH)

Question 29

what 3 things is TRH involved in ?

Answer 29

1.metabolism 2.osmo regulation 3.blood pressure

Question 30

what 2 things is arcuate nucleus involved in?

Answer 30

1.reproduction 2.growth 3.lactation

Question 31

super optic nucleus

Answer 31

releases ADH hormones involved in osmoregulation and blood pressure and maternal control via oxytocin

Question 32

where is the pituitary glands located?

Answer 32

cavity within the sphenoid bone at the base of the brain called the sella turcica

Question 33

how many lobes does the pituitary gland consist

Answer 33

two lobes of relevance to human physiology – the middle lobe is insignificant

Question 34

what type of blood does capillary bed in the hypothalamus deliver?

Answer 34

oxygenated blood

Question 35

what type of blood does the posterior pituitary blood take back to the circulatory system ?

Answer 35

deoxygenated blood

Question 36

what do releasing hormones do?

Answer 36

comes from the hypothalamus and signals further release of something downstream in the pituitary gland

Question 37

what are the 5 different target cell types within the anterior pituitary

Answer 37

1.Corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) 2.Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) 3.Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) 4.Growth hormone releasing / inhibiting hormones (GHRH/GHIH) 5.Prolactin inhibiting hormone (dopamine)

Question 38

what hormones do each of these release ? 1.Corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) 2.Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) 3.Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) 4.Growth hormone releasing / inhibiting hormones (GHRH/GHIH) 5.Prolactin inhibiting hormone (dopamine)

Answer 38

1.ACTH
 2.TSH 3.LH, FSH 4.Growth hormone 5.Prolactin

Question 39

what does HPA axis include?

Answer 39

-cortical dropping -releasing hormone signalling in the anterior pituitary releasing ACTH in response to that then goes to the adrenal glands

Question 40

what happens after the ACTH goes to the adrenal glands?

Answer 40

theres a negative feedback loop from cortisol to the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary to down regulate for CRH and ATCH due to inhibition of both of these

Question 41

what hormone is in the reproductive axis ?

Answer 41

gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH) which signals to the anterior pituitary

Question 42

in the reproductive system what 2 things does the gonadotrophin releasing hormone, inhibit?

Answer 42

-LH-lutenzining hormone -FSH-follicule stimulating hormone

Question 43

when the gonadotrophin releasing hormone sends signalling to the ovaries and testes what hormones do they release?

Answer 43

steroid sex hormones

Question 44

what are 2 growth hormones?

Answer 44

1.prolactin 2.growth hormone

Question 45

what is the release of growth hormones determined by?

Answer 45

balance between the releasing hormone and the inhibits hormone

Question 46

what is an alternative name for growth hormone ?

Answer 46

somatostatin

Question 47

what does prolactin enhance but what does it inhibit ?

Answer 47

dopamine secretion and inhibits prolactin release

Question 48

what type of neurones are super optic nucleus and ventricular neurones called?

Answer 48

cellular neurones

Question 49

what types of axons does the posterior gland include?

Answer 49

myelinated axons

Question 50

what 2 nuclies does the myelinated axons come from?

Answer 50

1.para ventricular nucleus 2.super optic nucleus

Question 51

pituicytes

Answer 51

-contains astrocyte-like neuroglial cells -cytoplasmic processes that surround the axons -found in the posterior pituitary gland

Question 52

what 2 things are released in the posterior pituitary gland?

Answer 52

antidiuretic hormone (arginine vasopressin) -oxytocin

Question 53

what are both antidiuretic and oxytocin hormones produce by?

Answer 53

hypothalamic nuclei (to some extent), but they are produced by separate cell types

Question 54

what are both antidiuretic and oxytocin hormones ?

Answer 54

small peptide hormones synthesised as larger precursors in cell bodies in the hypothalamus

Question 55

what are antidiuretic and oxytocin hormones , packaged and processed into?

Answer 55

mature hormone and bound to carrier proteins

Question 56

where is the hormone-carrier complex transported along?

Answer 56

neuronal axon and temporarily accumulates at Herring bodies

Question 57

what do the hormone containing vesicles fuse with?

Answer 57

cell membrane in response to action-potential associated Ca2+ influx, releasing the hormone

Question 58

what does the hormone dissociate from ?

Answer 58

carrier protein, which has no further function

Question 59

what do the antidiuretic hormone increase in the kidneys ?

Answer 59

water reabsorption and causes constriction of arterioles , raising blood pressure

Question 60

what does oxytocin cause

Answer 60

uterine contraction during labour and milk ejection- during breastfeeding

Question 61

what do oxytocin- releasing terminals do?

Answer 61

project into other parts of the brain, producing cognitive and behavioural effects related to social bonding

Question 62

Neuroendocrine cells

Answer 62

present in the peripheral nervous system - in the peripheral nervous system -particularly the sympathetic branch of the autonomic system

Question 63

what do the sympathetic neurones supply with nerves

Answer 63

the adrenal medulla

Question 64

what forms in the adrenal medulla ?

Answer 64

form synapses with Chromaffin cells that resemble post-synaptic neurons

Question 65

upon receiving neuronal stimulation, what do the cells release?

Answer 65

adrenaline and noradrenaline as part of the ‘fight or flight’ response