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mental health + neurobiology > neuroendocrinology > Flashcards

neuroendocrinology Flashcards

1
Q

neuroendocrinology

A

branch of the biological sciences dealing with neurosecretion and the physiological interaction between the central nervous system and the endocrine system

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2
Q

what do neuroendocrine cells receive ?

A

neuronal input and secrete hormones in response to that input – the sites where this occurs are the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland

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3
Q

what homeostatic functions are controlled by the neuroendocrine system?

A

1.blood pressure and electrolyte composition
2.body temperature
3.energy metabolism
4.reproduction
5.stress response
6.growth

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4
Q

Blood pressure and electrolyte composition

A

control of drinking and salt appetite and control of blood osmolality and vasomotor tone

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5
Q

Body temperature

A

metabolic thermoregulation and behaviours like seeking an appropriate environment

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6
Q

3 processes in energy metabolism

A

1.feeding
2.digestion
3.metabolic rate

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7
Q

Reproduction

A

hormonal control of mating, pregnancy and lactation

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8
Q

Stress response

A

adrenal stress hormones

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9
Q

Growth

A

growth hormone

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10
Q

what is does the hypothalamus function?

A

integrate autonomic nervous system signals and endocrine function with behaviour, especially behaviour concerned with basic homeostatic requirements of every day life

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11
Q

what 3 ways can the homeostasis be controlled through?

A

1.Behavioural responses
2.Neuronal control through the autonomic nervous system
3.Hormonal control through hormone release from the pituitary gland

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12
Q

what are the 2 main mechanisms by which the hypothalamus can regulate the pituitary gland?

A
  1. parvocellular neurones
    2.magno cellular neurones
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13
Q

parvocellualar neurones

A

small neurones and small axons which signal to the anterior pituitary(which links to the hypothalamus) via the hypothetical portal system which involves the portal vein

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14
Q

portal vein

A

comes from 1 capillary bed to another capillary bed , links directly to other areas of the body

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15
Q

what do Parvo cellular neurones release

A

release hormones into the portal system - these hormones make a direct route through the blood to the pituitary

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16
Q

what happens when the Parvo cellular neurones release hormones and the go through the blood to the pituitary ?

A

bind to the target receptors in the anterior pituitary cells and signal to the anterior pituitary which responds to those signals by releasing other hormones

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17
Q

in parvo cellular neurones cell when the hormones are released, where are they released to?

A

general circulation

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18
Q

magno cellular neurones

A

bigger neurones and longer axons(these are In the hypothalamus

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19
Q

in magno cellular neurones where do the longer axons project?

A

-directly into the posterior pituitary -theres no portal system here

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20
Q

in the magno cellular neurones, where do the axons project to ?

A

general circulation

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21
Q

once hormones have reached the general circulation phase where do they signal?

A

to the downstream gland

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22
Q

what are the 3 downstream glands?

A

1.thyroid
2.gonads-overies or testes
3.adrenal

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23
Q

access

A

when the hormones in general circulation are signalled to a down stream gland

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24
Q

what is one example of three things would make an axis ?

A

1.hypothalamus
2.pituitary
3.gonand

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25
Q

what 2 things does the infundibulam link?

A

the pituitary and the hypothalamus

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26
Q

what 4 main groups have the nuclei of the hypothalamus been divided into?

A

1.pre optic area
2.anterior o super optic region
3.middle region or tubule
4.posterior region

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27
Q

where is the para ventricular nucleus

A

this is in the anterior region

28
Q

what is para ventricular nucleus involved in?

A

stress hormone, hormone Thyroid releasing hormone(TRH)

29
Q

what 3 things is TRH involved in ?

A

1.metabolism
2.osmo regulation
3.blood pressure

30
Q

what 2 things is arcuate nucleus involved in?

A

1.reproduction
2.growth
3.lactation

31
Q

super optic nucleus

A

releases ADH hormones involved in osmoregulation and blood pressure and maternal control via oxytocin

32
Q

where is the pituitary glands located?

A

cavity within the sphenoid bone at the base of the brain called the sella turcica

33
Q

how many lobes does the pituitary gland consist

A

two lobes of relevance to human physiology – the middle lobe is insignificant

34
Q

what type of blood does capillary bed in the hypothalamus deliver?

A

oxygenated blood

35
Q

what type of blood does the posterior pituitary blood take back to the circulatory system ?

A

deoxygenated blood

36
Q

what do releasing hormones do?

A

comes from the hypothalamus and signals further release of something downstream in the pituitary gland

37
Q

what are the 5 different target cell types within the anterior pituitary

A

1.Corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH)
2.Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH)
3.Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)
4.Growth hormone releasing / inhibiting hormones (GHRH/GHIH)
5.Prolactin inhibiting hormone (dopamine)

38
Q

what hormones do each of these release ?
1.Corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH)
2.Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH)
3.Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)
4.Growth hormone releasing / inhibiting hormones (GHRH/GHIH)
5.Prolactin inhibiting hormone (dopamine)

A

1.ACTH

2.TSH
3.LH, FSH
4.Growth hormone
5.Prolactin

39
Q

what does HPA axis include?

A

-cortical dropping
-releasing hormone signalling in the anterior pituitary releasing ACTH in response to that then goes to the adrenal glands

40
Q

what happens after the ACTH goes to the adrenal glands?

A

theres a negative feedback loop from cortisol to the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary to down regulate for CRH and ATCH due to inhibition of both of these

41
Q

what hormone is in the reproductive axis ?

A

gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH) which signals to the anterior pituitary

42
Q

in the reproductive system what 2 things does the gonadotrophin releasing hormone, inhibit?

A

-LH-lutenzining hormone
-FSH-follicule stimulating hormone

43
Q

when the gonadotrophin releasing hormone sends signalling to the ovaries and testes what hormones do they release?

A

steroid sex hormones

44
Q

what are 2 growth hormones?

A

1.prolactin
2.growth hormone

45
Q

what is the release of growth hormones determined by?

A

balance between the releasing hormone and the inhibits hormone

46
Q

what is an alternative name for growth hormone ?

A

somatostatin

47
Q

what does prolactin enhance but what does it inhibit ?

A

dopamine secretion and inhibits prolactin release

48
Q

what type of neurones are super optic nucleus and ventricular neurones called?

A

cellular neurones

49
Q

what types of axons does the posterior gland include?

A

myelinated axons

50
Q

what 2 nuclies does the myelinated axons come from?

A

1.para ventricular nucleus
2.super optic nucleus

51
Q

pituicytes

A

-contains astrocyte-like neuroglial cells
-cytoplasmic processes that surround the axons
-found in the posterior pituitary gland

52
Q

what 2 things are released in the posterior pituitary gland?

A

antidiuretic hormone (arginine vasopressin)
-oxytocin

53
Q

what are both antidiuretic and oxytocin hormones produce by?

A

hypothalamic nuclei (to some extent), but they are produced by separate cell types

54
Q

what are both antidiuretic and oxytocin hormones ?

A

small peptide hormones synthesised as larger precursors in cell bodies in the hypothalamus

55
Q

what are antidiuretic and oxytocin hormones , packaged and processed into?

A

mature hormone and bound to carrier proteins

56
Q

where is the hormone-carrier complex transported along?

A

neuronal axon and temporarily accumulates at Herring bodies

57
Q

what do the hormone containing vesicles fuse with?

A

cell membrane in response to action-potential associated Ca2+ influx, releasing the hormone

58
Q

what does the hormone dissociate from ?

A

carrier protein, which has no further function

59
Q

what do the antidiuretic hormone increase in the kidneys ?

A

water reabsorption and causes constriction of arterioles , raising blood pressure

60
Q

what does oxytocin cause

A

uterine contraction during labour and milk ejection- during breastfeeding

61
Q

what do oxytocin- releasing terminals do?

A

project into other parts of the brain, producing cognitive and behavioural effects related to social bonding

62
Q

Neuroendocrine cells

A

present in the peripheral nervous system - in the peripheral nervous system -particularly the sympathetic branch of the autonomic system

63
Q

what do the sympathetic neurones supply with nerves

A

the adrenal medulla

64
Q

what forms in the adrenal medulla ?

A

form synapses with Chromaffin cells that resemble post-synaptic neurons

65
Q

upon receiving neuronal stimulation, what do the cells release?

A

adrenaline and noradrenaline as part of the ‘fight or flight’ response

mental health + neurobiology (45 decks)

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