mental health and intellectual disability Flashcards
what does scores of 2 SDs mean?
1.psychometrically valid comprehensive
2. culturally appropriate tests of intelligence <70
what are examples of deficit in intellectual function ?
1.reasoning
2.problem solving
3.planning
4.abstract thinking
5.judgment
6. academic learning
7. learning from experience
what are examples adaptive functioning ?
1.sociocultural standards for independence
2. responsibility
3. Without support
4. function is limited in communication
5. participation or independent living across environments
what 3 things can be used to measure adaptive measuring
1.Clinical evaluation
2.culturally appropriate 3.psychometrically sound measures
what are examples of onset in developmental period?
deficits present during childhood or adolescence
what are 3 deficits in DSM-5?
1.deifcit in intellectual function
2.deficit in adaptive functioning
3.onset in developmental period
what are 3 levels of intellectual disability in DSM 5?
1.mild
2.moderate
3.sever
4 levels of intellectual disability according to ICD-11?
- Mild 2-3 SDs
- Moderate 3-4 SDs
- Severe = 4SDs
- Profound = 4SDs
These are differentiated by adaptive behaviour
what are the 3 things in aetiology of intellectual disability in ICD-11?
1.Prenatal
Chromosomal disorders (e.g. Down syndrome, Prader-Willi syndrome)
Gene disorders (e.g. Fragile X Syndrome)
Non-genetic causes (infection, toxins, therapeutic medications)
2.Perinatal
Prematurity, birth injury
3.Postnatal
Infections, TBI, seizure disorders, cerebrovascular disorders, brain tumors, poisons & environmental toxins, malnutrition
what is anxiety ?
what we feel when we are worried, tense or afraid, particularly about things that are about to happen, or which we think could happen in the future. Anxiety is a natural human response when we perceive that we are under threat. It can be experienced through our thoughts, feelings and physical sensations.
what are the 3 potential difficulties in identifying prevalence of anxiety in people with intellectual disability?
1.Reliability
2.Validity
3.Utility
what is generalised anxiety disorder according to DSM-5?
Excessive anxiety and worry (apprehensive expectation)
-can be about events such as work or school performance
-person finds it hard to control the worry
what impairment can generalised anxiety cause?
in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning
4 ways anxiety can be diagnosed
1.Clinical interviews
2. rating scales, questionnaires
Requires an individual to identify internal states, label them and communicate them
3.Mild communication difficulties: physical symptoms
4.Non-verbal or minimally verbal people: we have to rely on what we can observe
how is alexithymia in autism measured ?
difficulty understanding and expressing emotions
4 things seen in social anxiety
1.reduced eye contact with others
2.reduced length of speech or vocalisations
3.signs of physical discomfort freezing
4 clinging to a familiar person
4 things Atypical anxiety shows?
1.Anxiety around routine, novelty and restricted interests
2.Unusual specific fears (radio jingle, happy birthday song
3.Social fearfulness
4.Compulsive/ritualistic behaviour
what are the 2 measurements of Autism with atypical anxiety?
1.ASC-ASD – Rodgers et al. 2016 (not ID, yet)
2.ClASP-ID (in development
what does heightened anxiety require?
generation’ of speech
Global social impairment versus situation-dependent
what 3 mechanisms can lead to anxiety?
1.phenotypic characteristics in Williams syndrome: heightened sensitivity to auditory stimuli (hyperacusis) may lead to fears of loud noises
2.Frequent hospitalisations/health problems may lead to fears of blood/injury/needles
3.Cornelia de Lange syndrome: Executive function impairments in ‘generation of responses’ leads to reduced verbalisation. Heightened anxiety in social situations requiring initiation of verbal interaction.
what are is a causal modal for the general population?
1.genetic
2.biological
3.cognitive
4.behavioural factors
what 2 things does the casual modal in autism?
1.intolerance
2.uncertanity
what does the casual modal show in genetic syndromes?
1.physiological hyperarousal, 2.emotion dysregulation, 3.sensory differences 4.executive function
5. sleep
2 ways why mechanisms matter for someone with autism?
1.management strategies
2.Attention switching, change of routine and visual schedules
