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mental health + neurobiology > gut axis > Flashcards

gut axis Flashcards

1
Q

microbiota

A

collection of micro-organisms colonising a particular part of the human body for example:
-skin bacteria
-gut bacteria

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2
Q

what 4 groups do microorganism’s categorise in ?

A

1.bacteria
2.archea
3.eukaroyotes(fungi, Protozoa)
4.viruses

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3
Q

Microbiome (what collections does this include ?

A

1.collection of microorganism 2.collective genomes
3.gene products (signalling molecules , toxins ) of microbes living on or within humans

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4
Q

what 3 microbes are involved Human gastrointestinal tract ?

A

1.bacteria
2.eukaryotes(yeast)
3.viruses

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5
Q

how many protein coding genes are included in a human genome?

A

2300- each cell contains the same genetic material

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6
Q

what are the classifications of GI tract commensal bacteria -taxonomy

A

-Domain -eukaryote
-Kingdom-bacteria
-Phylum-firmicutes
-Class-Bacilli
-Order-Lactobacillales
-Family- Lactobacillaceae
-Genus-Lactobacillus
-Species- Lactobacillus acidophilus

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7
Q

what spheres does the bacteria spheres(COCCI)
(5 names)

A

1.streptocci
2.diplococci
3.tetrad
4.staphylococci
5.sarcina

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8
Q

what bacteria does RODS include? (3 names)

A

1.chain of bacilli
2.flagellate rods
3.spore-former

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9
Q

what 3 things does the bacteria spirals include?

A

1.vibrios
2.spirilla
3.spirochaetes

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10
Q

what are the 2 main commensal bacteria in the human tract?

A
  1. firmicutes
  2. bacteroidetes
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11
Q

what 3 things does the clostridium include?

A

-clostridium
-lactobacillus
-enterococcus

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12
Q

what are 3 bacteria shapes?

A

1.spheres
2.rods
3.spirals

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13
Q

what percentage of the gut bacteria does firmicutes and bacteroidetes

A

90%

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14
Q

what percentage of the gut bacteria does actinobacteria, proteobacteria, fusobacteria & verrucomicrobia make?

A

10%

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15
Q

actinobacteria

A

Bifidobacterium
(cleft into 2 parts)

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16
Q

what 4 things does gut microbiota changing along the GI tract depend on?

A

1.pH
2.Digesta flow rates (high in mouth, slow in colon)
3.Substrate availability
4.Secretions (e.g.; bile in the small intestin)

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17
Q

what are most bacteria

A

anerobic

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18
Q

where is the largest gut microbiota found in?

A

large intestine

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19
Q

what 4 things does tract microbiome impact?

A

1.delivery & other conditions
2.diversty
3.microbiota diversity in adult age
4.microbioata diversity in older people

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20
Q

how does Delivery & other conditions help associated with mother?

A

(e.g.; milk, health, diet) provides a child’s first microbiota (& microbiome)

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21
Q

how does diversity increase with age?

A

At 3 years of age, a child’s gut microbiota composition & diversity is similar to most adults

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22
Q

is Microbiota diversity stable in adults?

A

it is stable in healthy adults

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23
Q

how is microbiota diversity affect older people?

A

decreases in older people

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24
Q

what factors influence the GI tract microbiome

A

-hormone levels
-lifestyle
-breast milk versus formula
-genetic factors
-age specific factors
-stress
-antimicrobial peptides

25
Q

what are the 5 roles of GI tract microbiota

A

1.neruo
2.infectious diseases
3.metabolic disease
4.inflammatory disease
5.liver disease

26
Q

what system is the enteric nervous system?

A

Autonomous Nervous System (ANS)

27
Q

function of the enteric nervous system?

A

Communicates with CNS via the Parasympathetic (e.g.; vagus nerve) and Sympathetic Nervous Systems and the Sacral (pelvic) plexus

28
Q

what GI tract 2 functions does the enteric nervous system control ?

A

1.muscle contraction 2.gastrointestinal secretions)

29
Q

enteric nervous system structure

A

-lamina propria: protected by mucus- where the GI tract vili can be found that are in contact with the nutrients and microbiota

30
Q

what 2 layers are important for the function of the ENS

A

1.submuscosa plexus
2.Myenteric plexus

31
Q

submuscosa plexus

A

neuronal function of E&S are found

32
Q

what are between the 2 layers:submuscosa plexus and Myenteric plexus?

A

intestinal muscle layers
-a longitudinal one
-a circular one

33
Q

what are the function of E&S ?

A

both plexuses are composed of:
-sensory neurones
-interneurones
-motar neurones

34
Q

sensory neurones

A

detect mechanical (mechanosensitive neurons) signals and chemical (chemosensitive neurons) stimuli (amino acids

35
Q

interneurones

A

connect sensory and motor neurons

36
Q

motor neurones

A

are excitatory or inhibitory; project to the various muscle layers and affect motility or secretion

37
Q

What is the function of a myenteric plexus

A

regulates the motility of circular and longitudinal muscles

38
Q

what is the function of a submucosa plexus?

A

controls :
1. ion and water secretion, absorption or ions, vitamins and nutrients;
2. release of endocrine and paracrine mediators

39
Q

what 3 things does the ENS act through ?

A

1.neurotransmitters
2.neuropeptides
3.neuromodulators

40
Q

what are 2 healthy conditions of healthy GI tract

A

-protective mucus
-functional tight junctions -ensure the integrity of intestinal barrier

41
Q

what happens in a leaky gut

A

the villi can change morphology alters the contact between GI tract itself and microbiota- this happens in a leaky gut

42
Q

what 2 things can a damaged GI tract lead to?

A

-impaired tight junctions
-altered microbiota/microbe

43
Q

in which 3 ways can the CNS affect the GI tract microbiome?

A

1.Modulating gut motility (transit)
2.Changing intestinal secretions (hormones)
3.Altering gut membrane permeability

44
Q

what are some diseases that lead to effects of the CNS on the gut microbiome ?

A

1.gastrointestinal disease
2.irritable bowel syndrome
3.slow transit constipation

45
Q

what 3 different animal modals are there

A

1.germ-free mice: they have no gut bacteria
2.gnotobiotic mice:germ free mice -often referred to define flora mice
3.specific pathogen free mice-they only tested for common pathogens in the ill
-useful since they don’t have any microbiota.

46
Q

what part of the brain can microbiota change

A

gene expression e.g. decrease in hippocampul activity

47
Q

what are 2 changes in the brain when affected by gut microbe

A

-alteration of metabolite levels e.g. tryptophane and hormonal levels such as leptin
-alteration of neruotransmitters and their receptor expression levels such as serotonin

48
Q

what 3 things is Autism spectrum disorder(ASD) characterised by?

A

social deficit
repetitive behaviour
language difficulties

49
Q

what is another mechanism involved in the guts brain axis ?

A

-deregulation of an individual’s immune responses

50
Q

how does inflammatory impact the leaky gut ?

A

GI microbiota is changed the signals , which are received by immune cells are different -this will induce a change in the molecule produced by immune cells

51
Q

what are probiotics

A

live bacteria people call good for health

52
Q

why did the germ free mice have better gut microbiota

A

they have less fat mass

53
Q

how does diet effect the microbiota

A

increased dietary fat and sugar(western diet) induced a drastic shift in the composition of the gut bacteria

54
Q

what appetite suppressor has an impact on fat mass have an impact on hut microbiota ?

A

leptin -small hormone secreted by the adipose tissue -it activates the POMC neurones which decreases an individual’s appetite it also inhibits AGRP neurones and can activate food intake

55
Q

what happens if the pomc neurones do not respond to insulin?

A

then the appetite will be not decreased

56
Q

What happens if AGRP neurones do not respond to leptin

A

then they are not inhibited and therefore activity appetite is not switched of

57
Q

how can changes in the gut impact feeding behaviours ?

A

increasing inflammation in the hypothalamus
-adipose tissue is also inflamed-increased levels of inflammatory molecules , these molecules will impact the gut bacteria

58
Q

what does microbiota secrete

A

cytokines that travel to the brain

mental health + neurobiology (45 decks)

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