The Skeleton Flashcards
Tissue
a group of similar cells working together to carry out a specific function.
Tendon
a tissue that connects muscle to bone -strong, flexable,inelastic
Ligament
a tissue that connects bone to bone-stong,fibrous,slightly elastic
Anatagonistic muscle pair
a pair of muscle working together with opposing actions
osteblasts
produce new bone cells
osteoclasts
digest old bone cells
what does the axial skeleton consist of?
name their functions
skull (fused joint) - protects brain
vertebrae (slightly movable joint) - seperted by cartilage + protects the spinal cord
sternum and ribs- protection of organs
what does the appendicular skeleton consist of?
name their functions
pectorial girdle.
Limbs.
pevlic girdle.
support and protections
Name the bones in the arm and hands
humerus,radius,ulna
carpals,metacarpals,phalanges
name the bones in the legs and feet
femur,patells,tibia,fibia
tarsals,metatarsalt,phalanges
functions of the skeleton
support-hold body upright
protection-brain,spine,heart,lungs
moevment-muscle attached to bone,contract and relax
production of blood cells-red and white blood cells and platelets
Cartilage, whats its made up of and its uses
connective tissue.
strong and flexable.
made up of cells and collagen(protein) shock absorber and Reduces friction
form certain parts of the body
Bone,whats its made up of
strong and rigid
made up of cells,collagen +calcium
Compact outer layer
structure and rigidity, osteoclasts emedded in a matrix of calcium salt and collagen
spongy bone
both ends of bone.
mesh structure (bony bars and columes )with soft bone
structure and rigidity
medullary cavity
hollow centre of bone which containfat rich yellow marrow
What does bone marrow produce and name the function of each of these substances
yellow marrow - inactive ( can be convrted into red marrow if needed)and stores fat
red marrow - located in ribs, pelvis (produces red blood cells amd white blood cells,platelats)
the top of the bone is called
the head/ Epiphysis
the middle of the bone is called
shaft /diaphysis
name a deffciency disorder of the skeletal system, its cause,symptoms, treatment and prevention
Osteoporosis.
Cause: porous bones + loss of bone density caused by Poor diet and lack of exercise
symptoms: brittle and easily breakable bones.
treatment/prevention: supplements,exercise, improved diet rich in calcium
Describe bone renewl
needs vitamin D + Calcium
Osteoclasts digest old bone into medulla cavity and release calcium into blood for the formation of new bone.Osteoblasts produce new bone
what does bone formation depend on
physical activity,horomones,diet
Name the type of ribs in the ribs and the amount
true ribs attached to the stermun (7)
False ribs attached to eachother by cartilage (3)
Floating ribs only attached to the spine(2)
Name the parts of the spine and their amount
Cervical 7
thoracic 12
lumber 5
sacrum 5
coccyx 4
(the sacrum and the coccyx are fused)
Name the structured visible in the LS of a joint
femur,patella,ligament,capsule,tibia, cartilage, synovial fluid
what is a joint
where two or more bones meet
name the 3 types of joints
Immovable/fused -skull
Slightly moveable- joint in vertebrae
Freely moveable/synovial joint - ball and socket, hinge joints
What is the synovial membrane in freely moveable/synovial joint responsible for
synovial membrane in these joints produces synovial fluid which acts as a luberciations.This reduces frictions and acts as shock absorber.
what is muscle
contractile tissue composed of the protein myosin
Name the three types of skeletal muscle
Skeletal muscle: contractile tissue that is voluntary
smooth muscle: found in internal structures.under involuntary control, does not tire
cardiac muscle: involuntary muscle,never fatigues.eg heart wall
Describe movement of bones
muscle connects to bone by tendons.muscle contract + shorten,pulling on bone,causing it to move.
Muscle relaxes + lenghtrns,moves bone in opposite direction
explain how antagonistic muscle pairs work
muscles work in pairs known s antagonistic muscle pairs working opposite to echother. EG bicept and triceps.
when bicept contracts the tricept releases. these muscles work together as muscle only have the ability to contract(push) and cannot pull
describe the lenghting of bone in teenagers
occours in growth plates of bone. growth plates are made up of cartilage and found between shaft and head of bone
growth plates produce cartilage(stimulated by hormones)
cartilage changes to bone
growth plate changes to bone in adults and stops bone growth
bone formation
forms from the mesoderm layer
starts as cartilage in the embryo ossification
osteoblast cells convert cartilage into bone.
hardens due calcium
