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Biology > Enzymes > Flashcards

Enzymes Flashcards

1
Q

Active site

A

location of reaction between enzyme and substrate to form a product

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2
Q

anabolism

A

reaction that converts smaller molecules into larger molecules, this required ATP

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3
Q

name an example of an anabolic enzyme

A

DNA polymerase

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4
Q

catabolism

A

reactions involving the breakdown of larger molecules into smaller molecules , releasing energy

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5
Q

name an example of a catabolic enzyme

A

amylase

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6
Q

denaturation

A

An enzyme has lost its 3D, folded, globular shape at the active site and no longer has the ability to carry out its function

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7
Q

What is an enzyme

A

biological catalysts that is protein in nature

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8
Q

Metabolism

A

sum of all chemical reactions in a living organism

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9
Q

what is metabolism controlled by

A

enzymes

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10
Q

Optimum PH

A

PH at which the enzymes work the best

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11
Q

Optimun PH

A

PH at which the enzyme works best

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12
Q

Product

A

compound that the enzyme converts substrate on

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13
Q

What is mean by specificity in enzymes?

A

Each enzyme works on one substrate only The substrate has a complimentary shape to the enzyme

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14
Q

substrate

A

compound the enzyme reacts with at the active site to produce a product

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15
Q

Describe the shape of an enzyme

A

3D, Folded,Globular shape

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16
Q

where are proteins made

A

ribosome

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17
Q

Name tao examples of a substrate, the enzyme that acts on it, its product, site of action, optimim ph and optimum temp

A

starch - Amylase- Maltose- mouth- PH7 - 37C

Hydrogen peroxide- Catalase (liver and plants)- Oxygen (main) + water (By-product)- Duodenum and plants - PH9 to 10- 37C(humans) 25C(plants)

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18
Q

Describe the Active site Theory / Induced Fit Model

A

Each enzyme can only work on one substrate.The Shape of the active site of the enzyme needs to be complementary to the substrate. Reaction occours at the active site. Forms enzyme substrate complex.
Product and enzyme released, enzyme returns to orginal shape.

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19
Q

What is the substrate

To show the effect of temp on enzyme activity

A

Hydrogen peroxide

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20
Q

What is the enzyme

To show the effect of temp on enzyme activity

A

catalase

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21
Q

How is the temperture varied?

To show the effect of temp on enzyme activity

A

Varied using temperture controlled water bath at different tempertured

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22
Q

What is the constant?

To show the effect of temp on enzyme activity

A

Ph kept constant using PH buffer 10

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23
Q

How did you measure enzyme activity

To show the effect of temp on enzyme activity

A

measure the volume of foam (O2) produced per unit time

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24
Q

What is the washing up liquid used for

To show the effect of temp on enzyme activity

A

traps oxygen produced in the form of foam alowing rate of activity to be measured by volume of foam.

25
Q

Describe the procedure and the graph involved to show the effect of temp on enzyme activity

A

place blended celery, washing up liquid and PH buffer (9-10) in a graduated cylinder.
Place Hydrogen peroxide in another graducated cylinder.
Plaace both in a temperture controlled water bath
wait to let both solutions reach desired temperture.
To show the effect of temp on enzyme activit
add hydrogen peroxide to blended celery
record volume of foam produced after 2 min
repeat expeirments at different tempertures
Graph: wide base bell curve, the peak being optimun temperture at 27C.
x axis - temperture
y axis - volume of foam produced per unit time

26
Q

What is the purpose of hydrogen peroxide

To show the effect of temp on enzyme activity

A

acts as the substrate

27
Q

whats the purpose of catalayse

To show the effect of temp on enzyme activity

A

acts as the enzyme (biological catalysts) to speed up reaction

28
Q

Name the products and state which one is the main product

To show the effect of temp on enzyme activity

A

O2 (main product)
water (by-product)

29
Q

how is the main product measured

To show the effect of temp on enzyme activity

A

by adding washing up liquid to trap the oxygen produced so its volume can be measured

30
Q

What is the purpose of an enzyme in a biochemical reaction

To show the effect of temp on enzyme activity

A

biological catalysts

31
Q

write a word equation that represents this expeirment

To show the effect of temp on enzyme activity

A

Hydrogen peroxide + Catalayse —> Oxygen + water + catalayse

32
Q

What is the source of the catalayse

To show the effect of temp on enzyme activity

A

celery

33
Q

How did you denature the enzyme

To demostrate enzyme denaturation by heat

A

by boiling the catalayse

34
Q

what is the control

To demostrate enzyme denaturation by heat

A

unboiled catalayse

35
Q

describe how to demostrate enzyme denaturation by heat

A

Boil catalyse for 5 mins
place blended celery, washing up liquid and PH buffer (9-10) in a graduated cylinder.
Place Hydrogen peroxide in another graducated cylinder.
Plaace both in a temperture controlled water bath
wait to let both solutions reach desired temperture.
To show the effect of denaturisation on enzyme activite
add hydrogen peroxide to blended celery
record volume of foam produced after 2 min
repeat expeirments at 27C (optimum emzyme activity)
Graph: straight line from lots of foam produced to no foam produced
x axis - temperture 30 and 100
y axis - volume of foam produced per unit time

36
Q

How did you know the enzyme had been denatured

To demostrate enzyme denaturation by heat

A

No foam produced

37
Q

what factor did you keep constant, and why?

To invetigate the effect of ph on enzyme activity

A

kept temperture constant using temperture controlled water bath, only one variable can be at a time

38
Q

How did you vary the PH

To invetigate the effect of ph on enzyme activity

A

using various PH buffers

39
Q

Describe th method of how To invetigate the effect of ph on enzyme activity

A

place blended celery, washing up liquid and ph buffer
Place Hydrogen peroxide into another graducated cylinder.
Place both in a temperture controlled water bath @ 27C for 5 mins
add hydrogen peroxide to blended celery and washing up liquid
record volume of foam produced after 2 min
repeat the expeirment with vairous Ph buffers

40
Q

decibe the graph in how to invetigate the effect of ph on enzyme activity

A

Narrow base bell curve with optinum Ph at ph9
x- axis Ph
y-axis the volume of foam produced per unit of time

41
Q

Bioprocessing

A

Any industury that uses imobilised enzyemes and living organisms to produce a product

42
Q

bioreactor

A

a container or vessel in which biological reactions occour to form a product

43
Q

Immbilisation

A

attaching an enzyme to an inert material by chemical or physical means

44
Q

what are immbolised enzymes

A

immbolised enzymes are enzymes that are held in a gel,attached an inert substance or bead

45
Q

Inert

A

stable and unreactive material

46
Q

sterile

A

free from all microrganisms

47
Q

Advantages of immobilised enzymes

A

Pure final product
can be reused multiable times- cost effective
greater product yeild

48
Q

name an example of an industry that uses immbolised enzymes. Mention substrate, enzyme, product and the use for the product

A

Industry - soft drink production
substate - glucose
Enzyme - glucose isomerase
Product - fructose
fructose is sweeter then glucose therefore required less

49
Q

write a word equation for this reaction

Experiment to prepare and demonstrate the action of immobilised enzymes

A

sucrose + sucrase —> Glucose

50
Q

What is the Inert material, and what is it used for

Experiment to prepare and demonstrate the action of immobilised enzymes

A

Sodium alginate (traps enzyme)

51
Q

What is the bonding agent/ bead formation, what is it used for

Experiment to prepare and demonstrate the action of immobilised enzymes

A

Calcium Chloride, used to harden sodium alginate beads/ bond yeast to sodium alginate by forming beads

52
Q

What us the substrate

Experiment to prepare and demonstrate the action of immobilised enzymes

A

Sucrose

53
Q

What is the enzyme

Experiment to prepare and demonstrate the action of immobilised enzymes

A

Sucrase ( found in yeast)

54
Q

What is the product

Experiment to prepare and demonstrate the action of immobilised enzymes

A

Glucose

55
Q

Describe the preparation of immobilised enzyme (Attaching enzyme to inert material)

A
  1. Add yeast (contains enzyme sucrase) and sodium alginate ( inhert material/traps enzyme) to a glass beaker(glass is an inert material).
  2. Stir to a gel like paste using glass stirring rod.
  3. Using a syringe, drop into a beaker of calcium chloride to form beads
  4. rinse beads to remove excess free yeast
  5. transfer to a glass separating funnel
56
Q

Describe how you demostrated the action of immbolised enzymes

A
  1. To the immbolised enzyme in the glass funnel add sucrose. The control is free yeast with sucrose.
  2. allow sucrose to react with enzyme
    3.open tap and test for the presence of glucose using glucose test strips.
    4.mark result and test every 30 sec until postive
57
Q

Describe the result of immbolised enzymes vs free yeast

A

Free enzyme
small amount of glucose produced
cloudy in apperance due to impurities
converts at a faster pace then immbolised

Immobilized enzyme
large vol of glucose produced
clear in apperance (pure product)
Converts at a slower pace than free enzyme

58
Q

What percaution must be taken when carrying out this expeirment and give a reason for this

expeirment to prepare and demostrate the action of immbilised enzymes

A

all equipment must be sterilised before use to avoid contamination

Biology (33 decks)

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