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Enzymes Flashcards

1
Q

Active site

A

location of reaction between enzyme and substrate to form a product

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2
Q

anabolism

A

reaction that converts smaller molecules into larger molecules, this required ATP

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3
Q

name an example of an anabolic enzyme

A

DNA polymerase

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4
Q

catabolism

A

reactions involving the breakdown of larger molecules into smaller molecules , releasing energy

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5
Q

name an example of a catabolic enzyme

A

amylase

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6
Q

denaturation

A

An enzyme has lost its 3D, folded, globular shape at the active site and no longer has the ability to carry out its function

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7
Q

What is an enzyme

A

biological catalysts that is protein in nature

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8
Q

Metabolism

A

sum of all chemical reactions in a living organism

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9
Q

what is metabolism controlled by

A

enzymes

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10
Q

Optimum PH

A

PH at which the enzymes work the best

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11
Q

Optimun PH

A

PH at which the enzyme works best

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12
Q

Products

A

compound that the enzyme converts substrates to

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13
Q

What is mean by specificity in enzymes?

A

Each enzyme works on one substrate only The substrate has a complimentary shape to the enzyme

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14
Q

substrate

A

compound the enzyme reacts with at the active site to produce a product

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15
Q

Describe the shape of an enzyme

A

3D, Folded,Globular shape

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16
Q

where are proteins made

A

ribosome

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17
Q

Name tao examples of a substrate, the enzyme that acts on it, its product, site of action, optimim ph and optimum temp

A

starch - Amylase- Maltose- mouth- PH7 - 37C

Hydrogen peroxide- Catalase (liver and plants)- Oxygen (main) + water (By-product)- Duodenum and plants - PH9 to 10- 37C(humans) 25C(plants)

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18
Q

Describe the Active site Theory / Induced Fit Model

A

Each enzyme can only work on one substrate.The Shape of the active site of the enzyme needs to be complementary to the substrate. Reaction occours at the active site. Forms enzyme substrate complex.
Product and enzyme released, enzyme returns to orginal shape.

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19
Q

What is the substrate

To show the effect of temp on enzyme activity

A

Hydrogen peroxide

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20
Q

What is the enzyme

To show the effect of temp on enzyme activity

A

catalase

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21
Q

How is the temperture varied?

To show the effect of temp on enzyme activity

A

Varied using temperture controlled water bath at different tempertured

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22
Q

What is the constant?

To show the effect of temp on enzyme activity

A

Ph kept constant using PH buffer 10

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23
Q

How did you measure enzyme activity

To show the effect of temp on enzyme activity

A

measure the volume of foam (O2) produced per unit time

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24
Q

What is the washing up liquid used for

To show the effect of temp on enzyme activity

A

traps oxygen produced in the form of foam alowing rate of activity to be measured by volume of foam.

25
Describe the procedure and the graph involved to show the effect of temp on enzyme activity
place **blended celery, washing up liquid** and **PH buffer (9-10)** in a graduated cylinder. Place **Hydrogen peroxide** in another graducated cylinder. Plaace both in a **temperture controlled water bath** wait to let both solutions reach desired temperture. To show the effect of temp on enzyme activit **add hydrogen peroxide to blended celery** **record volume of foam produced after 2 min** **repeat expeirments at different tempertures** Graph: wide base bell curve, the peak being optimun temperture at 27C. x axis - temperture y axis - volume of foam produced per unit time
26
What is the purpose of hydrogen peroxide | To show the effect of temp on enzyme activity
acts as the substrate
27
whats the purpose of catalayse | To show the effect of temp on enzyme activity
acts as the enzyme (biological catalysts) to speed up reaction
28
Name the products and state which one is the main product | To show the effect of temp on enzyme activity
O2 (main product) water (by-product)
29
how is the main product measured | To show the effect of temp on enzyme activity
by adding washing up liquid to trap the oxygen produced so its volume can be measured
30
What is the purpose of an enzyme in a biochemical reaction | To show the effect of temp on enzyme activity
biological catalysts
31
write a word equation that represents this expeirment | To show the effect of temp on enzyme activity
Hydrogen peroxide + Catalayse ---> Oxygen + water + catalayse
32
What is the source of the catalayse | To show the effect of temp on enzyme activity
celery
33
How did you denature the enzyme | To demostrate enzyme denaturation by heat
by boiling the catalayse
34
what is the control | To demostrate enzyme denaturation by heat
unboiled catalayse
35
describe how to demostrate enzyme denaturation by heat
**Boil catalyse for 5 mins** place **blended celery, washing up liquid** and **PH buffer (9-10)** in a graduated cylinder. Place **Hydrogen peroxide** in another graducated cylinder. Plaace both in a **temperture controlled water bath** wait to let both solutions reach desired temperture. To show the effect of denaturisation on enzyme activite **add hydrogen peroxide to blended celery** **record volume of foam produced after 2 min** **repeat expeirments at 27C (optimum emzyme activity)** Graph: straight line from lots of foam produced to no foam produced x axis - temperture 30 and 100 y axis - volume of foam produced per unit time
36
How did you know the enzyme had been denatured | To demostrate enzyme denaturation by heat
No foam produced
37
what factor did you keep constant, and why? | To invetigate the effect of ph on enzyme activity
kept temperture constant using temperture controlled water bath, only one variable can be at a time
38
How did you vary the PH | To invetigate the effect of ph on enzyme activity
using various PH buffers
39
Describe th method of how To invetigate the effect of ph on enzyme activity
place **blended celery, washing up liquid and ph buffer** Place **Hydrogen peroxide** into another graducated cylinder. Place both in a temperture controlled water bath @ 27C for 5 mins **add hydrogen peroxide to blended celery and washing up liquid** **record volume of foam produced after 2 min** **repeat the expeirment with vairous Ph buffers**
40
decibe the graph in how to invetigate the effect of ph on enzyme activity
Narrow base bell curve with optinum Ph at ph9 x- axis Ph y-axis the volume of foam produced per unit of time
41
Bioprocessing
Any industury that uses imobilised enzyemes and living organisms to produce a product
42
bioreactor
a container or vessel in which biological reactions occour to form a product
43
Immbilisation
attaching an enzyme to an inert material by chemical or physical means
44
what are immbolised enzymes
immbolised enzymes are enzymes that are held in a gel,attached an inert substance or bead
45
Inert
stable and unreactive material
46
sterile
free from all microrganisms
47
Advantages of immobilised enzymes
Pure final product can be reused multiable times- cost effective greater product yeild
48
name an example of an industry that uses immbolised enzymes. Mention substrate, enzyme, product and the use for the product
Industry - soft drink production substate - glucose Enzyme - glucose isomerase Product - fructose fructose is sweeter then glucose therefore required less
49
write a word equation for this reaction | Experiment to prepare and demonstrate the action of immobilised enzymes
sucrose + sucrase ---> Glucose
50
What is the Inert material, and what is it used for | Experiment to prepare and demonstrate the action of immobilised enzymes
Sodium alginate (traps enzyme)
51
What is the bonding agent/ bead formation, what is it used for | Experiment to prepare and demonstrate the action of immobilised enzymes
Calcium Chloride, used to harden sodium alginate beads/ bond yeast to sodium alginate by forming beads
52
What us the substrate | Experiment to prepare and demonstrate the action of immobilised enzymes
Sucrose
53
What is the enzyme | Experiment to prepare and demonstrate the action of immobilised enzymes
Sucrase ( found in yeast)
54
What is the product | Experiment to prepare and demonstrate the action of immobilised enzymes
Glucose
55
Describe the preparation of immobilised enzyme (Attaching enzyme to inert material)
1. **Add yeast (contains enzyme sucrase) and sodium alginate ( inhert material/traps enzyme)** to a glass beaker(glass is an inert material). 2. Stir to a gel like paste using glass stirring rod. 3. Using a syringe, drop into a beaker of **calcium chloride to form beads** 4. rinse beads **to remove excess free yeast** 5. transfer to a glass separating funnel
56
Describe how you demostrated the action of immbolised enzymes
1. To the immbolised enzyme in the glass funnel add **sucrose**. The control is free yeast with sucrose. 2. allow sucrose to react with enzyme 3.open tap and test for the presence of glucose using glucose test strips. 4.mark result and test every 30 sec until postive
57
Describe the result of immbolised enzymes vs free yeast
**Free enzyme** small amount of glucose produced cloudy in apperance due to impurities converts at a faster pace then immbolised **Immobilized enzyme** large vol of glucose produced clear in apperance (pure product) Converts at a slower pace than free enzyme
58
What percaution must be taken when carrying out this expeirment and give a reason for this | expeirment to prepare and demostrate the action of immbilised enzymes
all equipment must be sterilised before use to avoid contamination

Biology (33 decks)

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