Enzymes Flashcards
Active site
location of reaction between enzyme and substrate to form a product
anabolism
reaction that converts smaller molecules into larger molecules, this required ATP
name an example of an anabolic enzyme
DNA polymerase
catabolism
reactions involving the breakdown of larger molecules into smaller molecules , releasing energy
name an example of a catabolic enzyme
amylase
denaturation
An enzyme has lost its 3D, folded, globular shape at the active site and no longer has the ability to carry out its function
What is an enzyme
biological catalysts that is protein in nature
Metabolism
sum of all chemical reactions in a living organism
what is metabolism controlled by
enzymes
Optimum PH
PH at which the enzymes work the best
Optimun PH
PH at which the enzyme works best
Products
compound that the enzyme converts substrates to
What is mean by specificity in enzymes?
Each enzyme works on one substrate only The substrate has a complimentary shape to the enzyme
substrate
compound the enzyme reacts with at the active site to produce a product
Describe the shape of an enzyme
3D, Folded,Globular shape
where are proteins made
ribosome
Name tao examples of a substrate, the enzyme that acts on it, its product, site of action, optimim ph and optimum temp
starch - Amylase- Maltose- mouth- PH7 - 37C
Hydrogen peroxide- Catalase (liver and plants)- Oxygen (main) + water (By-product)- Duodenum and plants - PH9 to 10- 37C(humans) 25C(plants)
Describe the Active site Theory / Induced Fit Model
Each enzyme can only work on one substrate.The Shape of the active site of the enzyme needs to be complementary to the substrate. Reaction occours at the active site. Forms enzyme substrate complex.
Product and enzyme released, enzyme returns to orginal shape.
What is the substrate
To show the effect of temp on enzyme activity
Hydrogen peroxide
What is the enzyme
To show the effect of temp on enzyme activity
catalase
How is the temperture varied?
To show the effect of temp on enzyme activity
Varied using temperture controlled water bath at different tempertured
What is the constant?
To show the effect of temp on enzyme activity
Ph kept constant using PH buffer 10
How did you measure enzyme activity
To show the effect of temp on enzyme activity
measure the volume of foam (O2) produced per unit time
What is the washing up liquid used for
To show the effect of temp on enzyme activity
traps oxygen produced in the form of foam alowing rate of activity to be measured by volume of foam.
Describe the procedure and the graph involved to show the effect of temp on enzyme activity
place blended celery, washing up liquid and PH buffer (9-10) in a graduated cylinder.
Place Hydrogen peroxide in another graducated cylinder.
Plaace both in a temperture controlled water bath
wait to let both solutions reach desired temperture.
To show the effect of temp on enzyme activit
add hydrogen peroxide to blended celery
record volume of foam produced after 2 min
repeat expeirments at different tempertures
Graph: wide base bell curve, the peak being optimun temperture at 27C.
x axis - temperture
y axis - volume of foam produced per unit time
What is the purpose of hydrogen peroxide
To show the effect of temp on enzyme activity
acts as the substrate
whats the purpose of catalayse
To show the effect of temp on enzyme activity
acts as the enzyme (biological catalysts) to speed up reaction
Name the products and state which one is the main product
To show the effect of temp on enzyme activity
O2 (main product)
water (by-product)
how is the main product measured
To show the effect of temp on enzyme activity
by adding washing up liquid to trap the oxygen produced so its volume can be measured
What is the purpose of an enzyme in a biochemical reaction
To show the effect of temp on enzyme activity
biological catalysts
write a word equation that represents this expeirment
To show the effect of temp on enzyme activity
Hydrogen peroxide + Catalayse —> Oxygen + water + catalayse
What is the source of the catalayse
To show the effect of temp on enzyme activity
celery
How did you denature the enzyme
To demostrate enzyme denaturation by heat
by boiling the catalayse
what is the control
To demostrate enzyme denaturation by heat
unboiled catalayse
describe how to demostrate enzyme denaturation by heat
Boil catalyse for 5 mins
place blended celery, washing up liquid and PH buffer (9-10) in a graduated cylinder.
Place Hydrogen peroxide in another graducated cylinder.
Plaace both in a temperture controlled water bath
wait to let both solutions reach desired temperture.
To show the effect of denaturisation on enzyme activite
add hydrogen peroxide to blended celery
record volume of foam produced after 2 min
repeat expeirments at 27C (optimum emzyme activity)
Graph: straight line from lots of foam produced to no foam produced
x axis - temperture 30 and 100
y axis - volume of foam produced per unit time
How did you know the enzyme had been denatured
To demostrate enzyme denaturation by heat
No foam produced
what factor did you keep constant, and why?
To invetigate the effect of ph on enzyme activity
kept temperture constant using temperture controlled water bath, only one variable can be at a time
How did you vary the PH
To invetigate the effect of ph on enzyme activity
using various PH buffers
Describe th method of how To invetigate the effect of ph on enzyme activity
place blended celery, washing up liquid and ph buffer
Place Hydrogen peroxide into another graducated cylinder.
Place both in a temperture controlled water bath @ 27C for 5 mins
add hydrogen peroxide to blended celery and washing up liquid
record volume of foam produced after 2 min
repeat the expeirment with vairous Ph buffers
decibe the graph in how to invetigate the effect of ph on enzyme activity
Narrow base bell curve with optinum Ph at ph9
x- axis Ph
y-axis the volume of foam produced per unit of time
Bioprocessing
Any industury that uses imobilised enzyemes and living organisms to produce a product
bioreactor
a container or vessel in which biological reactions occour to form a product
Immbilisation
attaching an enzyme to an inert material by chemical or physical means
what are immbolised enzymes
immbolised enzymes are enzymes that are held in a gel,attached an inert substance or bead
Inert
stable and unreactive material
sterile
free from all microrganisms
Advantages of immobilised enzymes
Pure final product
can be reused multiable times- cost effective
greater product yeild
name an example of an industry that uses immbolised enzymes. Mention substrate, enzyme, product and the use for the product
Industry - soft drink production
substate - glucose
Enzyme - glucose isomerase
Product - fructose
fructose is sweeter then glucose therefore required less
write a word equation for this reaction
Experiment to prepare and demonstrate the action of immobilised enzymes
sucrose + sucrase —> Glucose
What is the Inert material, and what is it used for
Experiment to prepare and demonstrate the action of immobilised enzymes
Sodium alginate (traps enzyme)
What is the bonding agent/ bead formation, what is it used for
Experiment to prepare and demonstrate the action of immobilised enzymes
Calcium Chloride, used to harden sodium alginate beads/ bond yeast to sodium alginate by forming beads
What us the substrate
Experiment to prepare and demonstrate the action of immobilised enzymes
Sucrose
What is the enzyme
Experiment to prepare and demonstrate the action of immobilised enzymes
Sucrase ( found in yeast)
What is the product
Experiment to prepare and demonstrate the action of immobilised enzymes
Glucose
Describe the preparation of immobilised enzyme (Attaching enzyme to inert material)
- Add yeast (contains enzyme sucrase) and sodium alginate ( inhert material/traps enzyme) to a glass beaker(glass is an inert material).
- Stir to a gel like paste using glass stirring rod.
- Using a syringe, drop into a beaker of calcium chloride to form beads
- rinse beads to remove excess free yeast
- transfer to a glass separating funnel
Describe how you demostrated the action of immbolised enzymes
- To the immbolised enzyme in the glass funnel add sucrose. The control is free yeast with sucrose.
- allow sucrose to react with enzyme
3.open tap and test for the presence of glucose using glucose test strips.
4.mark result and test every 30 sec until postive
Describe the result of immbolised enzymes vs free yeast
Free enzyme
small amount of glucose produced
cloudy in apperance due to impurities
converts at a faster pace then immbolised
Immobilized enzyme
large vol of glucose produced
clear in apperance (pure product)
Converts at a slower pace than free enzyme
What percaution must be taken when carrying out this expeirment and give a reason for this
expeirment to prepare and demostrate the action of immbilised enzymes
all equipment must be sterilised before use to avoid contamination
