Respiration Flashcards
What does ADP stand for
adenosine diphosphate
What does ATP stand for
Adenosine Triphosphate
What is Adenosine composed of
Contains ribose( sugar) and adnine (nitrogen base)
Describe the structure of ATP
Ribose (sugar), a nitrogen base (Adenine) and 3 phosphate groups
What does NAD+ stand for
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
Write a balanced chemical equation for aerobic respiration
C6H12O6 +6O2 -> 6Co2 +6H2O
What is meant by the term Aerobic respiration?
The controlled release of energy from food using oxygen
What is the function of aeriobic respiration?
Growth and repair
What is meant by anaerobic respiration
The controlled release of energy from food without using oxygen
Also called fermentation
Aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration, which releases more energy?
Aerobic respiration
What type of microorgamisms play a role in fermentation?
Yeast
What is a bioreactor
A container of vessel in which biological reactions take place and products are formed
What is stage one of cell respiration
Glycosis
Where does the first stage of respiration take place
Cytosol
What is stage two of respiration called
Kerb cycle
Where does stage two of respiration occour
Mitochondria
Describe how you would investigate the production of alchol by yeast
Boil and cool glucose solution
Boiling removes oxygen, makes it anaerobic
Cooling to prevent denatursation
Add yeast
Enzyme to breakdown glucose
Add fermentation lock with limewater inside
Fermentation lock to keep oxygen out
Lime water turns milky to prove Co2 has been produced
Needs to be kept at constant tempture
temperature controlled water bath
When CO2 bubbles stop, the expeirment is finished
The glucose has run out, enzymes killed by alchol
Control was glucose without yeast
How do we test if fermentation has resulted in the producton of alochol?
What is the test for alcohol?
Iodoform test
AddPotassium iodide solution and Sodium hypochlorite (bleach) to each tube
The solutions turns Brown/orange and then clear
Heat in a water bath.
If alcohol is presentPale yellow crystals will be formed
What is meant by glycolysis? what happens to the 6 carbon glucose at this stage?
Glycolysis is a anerobic process, takes place in the cytosol. It forms a small amount of ATP and NADH . The Glucose molecule breaks down into a 3 Carbon molecule called Pyruvic acid
What is Glycosis controlled by?
Enzymes
What is released in Glycolysis
ATP, NADH , 2 molecules of Pyruvic Acid
What happens if oxygen is present after Glycolysis
Pyruvic acid enters a mitochondrion. Oxygen bonds and takes away a carbon molecule (also loses high energy electrons and a proton ) to form Acetyl Co Enzyme A.
NaDH produces enters the electron transport chain.
What happens if oxygen is not present after Glycolysis
Pyruvic acid goes towards both animal muscle cells to produce Latic acid(Lactic acid ferminataion) and Alchol fermentation in microorganisms ( to produce Ethanol and CO2.)
The difference between Lactic acid ferminataion and Alchol fermentation
Lactic acid ferminataion takes place inside animals( broken down in liver ) produces latic acid
Alchol fermentation takes place in micro organisms to produce Ethanol and Co2
Where is Latic acid broken down eventually?
Liver
What is Pyruvate brown down into
Acytol co enzyme A
What happens to Acytol Co- Enzyme A
It enters a series of reactions called the Krebs cycle.
What happens in the Krebs cycle
Acytol co-A forms a 1 carbon molecule which produces ADP + Phosphate which are convrted into ATP using energy. Energy is released to form high energy electrons which are picked up by NAD+ to form NADH.
What is the electron transport system used for?
An electron transport chain (ECT) to form ATP from ADP and phosphate
Whats the function of ETC
To form ATP
Where are the electron transferred in the ETC?
Mitochondria
In the ETC, what does oxygen combine with and what does it form
Low energy electrons bond with oxygen molecules (final electron acceptor) and hyfrogen ions to form water which is exhailed as a waste product.
What is ATP used for
Stores and transfers energy
What is NADH used for
Needed to transfer hydrogen ions and high energy electrons.
Outline the processes in the electron transport chain
NaDH carries high energy electrons.These electrons go through a series of reactions / pass along carriers and lose energy. This energy is used tp make ATP from ADP and Phosphate. At the end, these low electrons are bonded with oxygen ( final electron acceptor) and hyfrogen ions to form water,which is exhaled as a waste product. The ETC is used to form ATP
What is Biotechnology?
Biotechnology uses microrgamisms, plants or animals to manufacture products.
What are the products of aerobic respiration?
Water, CO2 and ATP
What are the products of the krebs cycle
NADH, ATP , CO,2
