Plant structure and transport Flashcards
Tissue
a group of similar cells working together to carry out a specific function
dermal tissue
tissue for protection
ground tissue
tissue for support and funcion
vascular tissue
tissue for transport
xylem
vascular tissue that transports water
phloem
vascular tissue that transports food
organ
a group of similar tissues working together to carry out a specific function
stomata
opening on the lower surface of a leaf involved in gaseous exchange
lenticels
opening in the stem involved in gasous exchange
cotyledon
a seed leaf
dicotyledon
two seed leaf
active transport
movement of molecules from an area of low molecule conc to an area of high molecule conc against a concentration gradient. It is asn active process and requires energy
root pressure
force exerted by roots to pull water is a upward direction against the force of gravity
adhesion
attraction of water molecules to the walls of the xyleom vessels
cohesion
attraction o water molecules to eachother through the presence of hydrogen bonding
transpiration
loss of excess water from the lower surface of the leaf
transpiration stream
pathway of water through a plant from root to leaf
Types of plant tissue
dermal tissue:
Outside layer for production
Ground layer:
Builking agest lies inside dermal tissue and contains vascular tissue
vascular tissue:
contain vascular bundles involved in transport of materials in a plant.
Xylem: transport water
phloem: transports food
3 types of root
tap: one main root from which others developed
fibrous: no definite main root,all similar
Adverntrious : develops from stem
Functions of roots
anchorage
absorb water and minerals from the soil ( root hairs)
store food in some plants
How are roots adapted to their function
Large surface due to root hairs
wall of root hair 1 cell thick
presence of osmotic gradient
Name the zones of the root
zone of differentiation
zone of elongation
zone of cell production/meristematic zone
zone of production
decribe the zone of differentitaion
cells organise into function
decribe the zone of elongation
maturing of cell produced in meristem
zone of cell production/ meristematic zone
new cell formed by mitosis
zone of protection
protects the tip of the root as it grows
what is the stem
main part of the shoot
node
location of stem where leaf converts into stem
internode
region between two nodes
bud (sepal)
Protects flower
flower
involved in reproduction
pentiole
shoot of th eleaf
Functions of the stem
transports food, waste and water
aerial support (avoid competition)
may store food (potatoes)
photosynthesis( ground tissue)
what does cotyedon mean
seed leaf
what is monocotydon
1 seed leaf
what is a dicotyledon
2 seed leaf
compare a monocotyledon with dicotyedon
monocotyledon
parallel vein structure
fibrous root lenght
scatted vascular bundles
petals in mulitables of 3
eg daffodil, grass
Dicotyledon
netted,webbed vein structure
tap root type
vascular bundles arragnged in ring around center
petals in mulitables of and 4
buttercup, oak
what does xylem transport and where does it transport to and from
Water (root to leaves)
what does phloem transport and where does it transport to and from
Food/glucose (everywhere)
Name the two types of Xylem tissues
vessel, tracheid
Name the features of a vessel
thick lignin walls (support) in a sprial.
Xylem is a dead tissue.Pits on the side allow movement of water between vessles
decribe a tracheid
long sloaping tapered cells. they are hollow. Thick lignin walls for support in a sprial.
Pits on the side allow for movement of water between vessels.
Desdcribe phloem
sieve tubes : long tubes,cell plates at each end, walls of cellulose and transports food.
Companion cell:
contains nucleus controls sieve tube
Name the ways that food can be stored in plants
roots-taproots swell, carrot
stem- potatoes
petioles-celery
leaves-onions form bulbs
why do plants produce food
food is used the following year to produce leaves flowers and fruit
Describe the expeirment of eximation of a dicot stem
- Use carrot pith to support the stem for cutting.
- Cut the stem at right angles to the stem, away from the body.Pick up sample using wet painbrush.
- Thin sample makes it easier for light to pass through.
- place cover slip @ angle
- use iodine as dye
- use course focus knob to bring it into focus, change to stronger lens
- to fine focus knob to sharpen image
results: vascular tissue presents as bundles and arranged in a ring around the centre
Who worked on the transpiration streme
joly and dixon
root pressure
pushes forces water upwards under the forve of gravity
materials to be transported in a plant
Water
from soil to roots via osmosis
from roots to shoots against force of gravity using adhesion and cohesion
Minerals
Ca celll walls
Mg choroplants (green colour)
Food
glucose
Gasses
oxygen and CO2
enter and leave in stomata
reasons for loss of water in plants
high rate of transpiration
high rate of photosynthesis
what is the transpiration streme
pathway of water through a plant
describe the transpiration stream
- conc of wtater is lower inside root then in the surrounding soil.
- water is taken in the root(across slelctively permable membrane)Root pressure forces water upwards.
- water moves across grounf tissue in vascular tissue (Xylem) by diffusion.- against force of gravity
- travels up stem due to a cohesion/adhesion tension model,lignin prevents the xylem from collapsing
- excess water is released into stomsphere via stomata
what is turgidity
the firm state of the plant cell due to the force of the cytoplasm against the cell wall.
Name the features/ structures in a leaf
Waxy cuticle( prevents H2O evaporation)
Dermal tissue
Upper epidermis
Palisade layer( cells arranged vertically for increased light exposure between light+chlorophyll)
Vascular tissue
Spongy Mesophyll( adaptive feature,loosely packed cells)
Guard cells
Functions of a leaf
Photosynthesis ( chloroplast)
Transpiration: loss of excess water from lower surface of a leaf
Food storage- onions
Describe the waxy cuticle
Found on top surface,
Makes leaf waterproof
Water can’t enter in via leaf
Describe the stomata
Openings on the bottom of the leaf.
Allow for the loss of excess water from a plant
Protected by guard cells
What is the size of the stomata affected by
Co2 Conc (Transpiration is high when Co2) is low
Humidity
Describe the role of guard cells
When they absorb H2O the stomata opens , allows Co2 in
When H2O moves out, they lose water and close the stomata
Guard cells change shape to absorb water and swell to open stoma
