Excretion

Question 1

What is ADH

Answer 1

Anti- diuretic hormone

Question 2

Deanination

Answer 2

Conversion of excess amino acids into urea

Question 3

What is an Endocrine glad

Answer 3

A gland that does not have a duct ( tube) coming out of it

Question 4

What is a exocrine gland

Answer 4

A gland that has a tube (duct) coming out of it

Question 5

Egestion

Answer 5

Removal of undigested food material

Question 6

Excretion

Answer 6

Removal of the waste products of metabolism

Question 7

Filtration

Answer 7

Removal of materials from the blood

Question 8

Glomerular filtrate

Answer 8

Content of the blood that has passed through the glomerulus

Question 9

Homeostasis

Answer 9

The maintenance of a constant internal environment in a living organism

Question 10

Osmoregulation

Answer 10

Maintaining a constant water level in a living organism

Question 11

Reabsorption

Answer 11

Returning of filtered material to the blood

Question 12

Name the source, site of excretion, how it’s made and the excretory product of the organs of excretion.

Answer 12

Protein-Kidneys-filtration and reabsorbtion-urea
Carbs/lipids/proteins-lungs-breathing-Co2 + water Vapor
——-skin-sweating-salts
Excess amino acids- liver-deamination - Bile

Question 13

Name a method of excretion is plants

Answer 13

Gasses diffuse out of stomata/ lenticels

Question 14

Why is homeostasis so important in a living organism

Answer 14

So enzymes in the living organism can work at optimism conditions

Question 15

Functions of the kidney

Answer 15

Execretion
Osmoregulation: maintaining a constant water balance within an organism
Controls PH of body fluids

Question 16

Where are the kidneys located

Answer 16

Abdominal cavity

Question 17

Name the associated blood supply of the kidney

Answer 17

Renal artery (comes from aorta/ linked to afferent arteriole) carries O2 and food to the kidney
Renal vein( goes to the vena Cana /linked to efferent arteriole carries CO2 and waste products away from kidney

Question 18

What is the purpose of the nefron

Answer 18

Increase surface area for filtration and reabsorption

Question 19

How does the nephron aid the filtration and reabsorption process/ what are its adaptive features

Answer 19

Having a large surface area for greater filtration and reabsorption
Walls of nefron are one cell thick for faster and easier absorption
Surrounded by a good blood supply for aiding in reabsorption and secretion

Question 20

What is the cortex responsible for

Answer 20

Filtration

Question 21

What is the medulla responsible for

Answer 21

Reabsorption

Question 22

Describe associated blood supply of the nefron before urine formation

Answer 22

Blood enters the kidney via the afferent arteriole ( coming from renal artery) The afferent arteriole is larger than the efferent arteriole so that it creates pressure and forces the blood out the arteriole in high pressure to enter the gllmerulus

Question 23

Describe the process of filtration

Answer 23

Some of the contents ( amino acids, glucose, water , salts and urea)is passed through the glomerulus and become known as the glomrulus filtrate. The filtrate is collected by the Bowman’s capsule and passed to the proximal convoluted tube

Question 24

Describe the process of reabsorption

Answer 24

The glomerulus filtrate is mostly absorbed by the proximal convoluted tubule . expect Urea
Glucose, AA, vitamins are reabsorbed by active transport and diffusion ( aided by folding scales micro-villi)
Water also reabsorbed by osmosis
Some water(descending loop) and salts(ascending loop) are reabsorbed along the loop of henle

Question 25

Describe secretion

Answer 25

H+ is secreted into the filtrate from blood

Question 26

Describe the collecting ducts role in reabsorption

Answer 26

Any water which is not reabsorbed is transported via the collecting duct to ureter and transported back to the bladder. ADH can also act here

Question 27

Why is the PCT , loop of henle and DCT surrounded by capillaries

Answer 27

Allows for reabsorption of substances into the blood Secretion of substances from the blood

Question 28

Desctibe how ADH in the kidneys after vigorous exercise

Answer 28

high salt conc detected by the hypothalamus of the brain. sends a message to make ADH in the hypothalamus and the pituartry gland to secrete ADH. ADH travels to the kidneys and increases the permeability of the nefron wall large volume of water is reabsorbed by the nefrom back in the blood. small voulme of concentrated urine produced.

Question 29

what causes ADH to be produced in the hypothalamus

Answer 29

salty food/ vigouous exercise / low water intake

Question 30

where is the site of action of ADH

Answer 30

Distial convoluted tuble and collecting duct

Question 31

Ectoderm

Answer 31

outer germ layer from which the skin arises in embryo development

Question 32

Ectotherm

Answer 32

a living organism obtains its heat from its enviorment surrounding and mannot maintain or regulate its own body temperture

Question 33

endotherm

Answer 33

living organism that obtains its heat internally from respiration and can regulate its own body temperture

Question 34

germ layer

Answer 34

single layer of cells

Question 35

organ

Answer 35

a group of similar tissues working together to carry out a specific function

Question 36

piloerection

Answer 36

erector muscle contracts and hair shaft stands up. this results in warm air being trapped close to the skin acting as an insulation layer.

Question 37

Role of the skin

Answer 37

temperture regulation, protection, excretion, vitamin D produce by the epidermis by sunlight

Question 38

Name the layers / features of skin

Answer 38

Adipose tissue Hair follicle Erector muscle Hair shaft Sebaceous gland Nerves - attached to sense receptors Sweat gland Sweat duct Sweat pore Blood vessels Dermis Epidermis -(Malpighian layer (mitosis, melanin) granular layer (keratin added) conifers layer ( dead cells brushed away))

Question 39

Name the three main layers and their function

Answer 39

Epidermis- protection, vitamin D production Dermis- temperature regulation, nerve receptors Adipose tissue- composed of lipids( energy storage and insulation)

Question 40

Explain how skin is involved in temperature regulation when the individual is cold

Answer 40

Hypothalamus detects temperature drop Piloerection is when the hair erector muscle contracts and causes hair to stand upright, trapping warm air close to the skin which acts as a insulation layer Hypothalamus sends message to pituitary gland to increase blood the thyroxine produced by thyroid Vasoconstriction blood vessels narrow, reducing heat loss from the skin( less blood passing through blood vessels)

Question 41

Explain how skin is involved in temperature regulation when the individual is warm

Answer 41

Sweat glands secrete sweat and heat is lost as it evaporates. Vasodilation- blood vessels get wider, increasing heat lost from the skin

Question 42

Describe how the skin acts as protection

Answer 42

Epidermis is a waterproof barrier preventing entry of pathogens Melanin protects skin from uv radiation Sebaceous glands produces sebum oil. Stops skin from drying out and cracking, which is an entry point for pathogens

Question 43

How does the skin act as an sense organ

Answer 43

Epidermis contains the receptors for pain, pressure and temperature