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Biology > The Digestive System > Flashcards

The Digestive System Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

absorbtion

A

passing of useful components of food from the GI tract into the blood

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2
Q

autotroph

A

living organism that has the ability to make its own food

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3
Q

balanced diet

A

correct amount of each group from the food pyramid

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4
Q

chemical digestion

A

use of chemicals such as enzymes, bile and HCL to breakdown food

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5
Q

diffusion

A

movement of molecules from an area of high molecule concentration to an area of low molecule concentration- passive process

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6
Q

digestion

A

breaking food down into smaller parts by physical and chemical digestion

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7
Q

egestion

A

removal of unabsorbed waste material from the GI tract

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8
Q

emulsification

A

clumping together of triglycerides

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9
Q

emzyme

A

biological catalyst made up of protein

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10
Q

excretion

A

removal of wate products of metabolism from a living organism

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11
Q

hetetroph

A

living organism that cannot make its own food

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12
Q

Ingestion

A

taking in of food

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13
Q

mechanical digestion

A

physical breakdown of food

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14
Q

metabolism

A

sum of all chemical reactions in a living organism

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15
Q

optimum ph

A

ph at which an enzyme works best

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16
Q

osmosis

A

movement of water molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low water concentration across a selectivity permable membrane

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17
Q

peristalsis

A

muscular contraction of muscle walls of alimentary canal

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18
Q

physical digestion

A

mechnical breakdown of food

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19
Q

a portal system

A

a system that begins and ends in capillaries

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20
Q

symbiosis

A

two organism of different species living together involving benefit.

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21
Q

what is nutrition

A

how an animal gets its food

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22
Q

Name the stages of human nutrition

A

Ingestion
digestion
absorbtion
Egestion

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23
Q

What is Ingestion and where does it occour

A

Taking in food,occurs in mouth

24
Q

what is digestion and where does it occour

A

breaking food into smaller parts by physical and chemical means, occours in oesphagus and stomach

25
Q

what is absorbtio and where does it occour

A

passing of useful components of food from the GI tract into blood. occours i villi - SI by diffusion.
Colon by osmosis

26
Q

what is egestion and where does it occour

A

Removal of undigested food
from the human alimentary
canal
Large intestine- rectum and
anus

27
Q

why is digestion important

A

it breaks down food so that its small enough to be absorbed into the blood and easier to transport to cells in the blood where it is required

28
Q

name the two types of digestion

A

physical: mechanial breakdown of food
chemical: use of chemicals such as enzymes and acid to help breakdown food

29
Q

The role the mouth plays in digestion

A

Take in of food and help break it down using teeth and amylase

30
Q

describe the dental formula

A

( I 2/2 C 1/1 PM 2/2 M 3/3 )x2

31
Q

Describe the physical digestion that occours in the mouth

A

teeth

32
Q

describe the types of teeth

A

Incisors- flat for biting
Canines - sharping for tearing
Premolars + Molars - chewing

33
Q

describe the role of the osephagus

A

moves food from mouth to stomach.
epiglottis closes over trachea.
food formed into a bolus (moist ball)

34
Q

explain physical digestion in the osephagus

A

peristalsis - muscular contraction of the alimentery canal. moves content along
mucus- moistens food

35
Q

what aids peristalsis

A

fibre

36
Q

State the role of the stomach in digestion

A

muscular bag that holdes and digests food.
Kills pathogens in the stomach
HCl PH2

37
Q

state the role of physical digestion in the stomach

A

Churning

38
Q

state the role of chemical digestion in the stomach

A

HCl kills microrgamisms at ph 2
Pepsin enzyme that breaks down proteins into AA
stomach lipase turns lipids to fatty acids and glycerol

39
Q

explain the role of the stomach lining

A

prevents stomach corrosion by HCL
prevents digestion of stomach muscle wall by pepsin (muscle is a protein that can be broken down mby pepsin)

40
Q

Explain both the endocrine and excocrine role of the pancreas

A

endocrine (Isle of langerhans) Produces Insulin.
excocrine - pacreatic amylase
pancreatic lipase

41
Q

what happens to products of panereas

A

Products of pancreas
transported to duodenum via
pancreatic duct.

42
Q

List the functions of the liver

A

Produces Bile, which neturalises chyme, emulisifes tryglicerides
temperture regulation- prevents enzyme denaturation
deamination- breakdown of excess amino acids into urea
stores vitamin K (required for clotting blood)

43
Q

Describe the hepatic portal system

A

hepatic artery (right side) carries oxygenated blood from heart to liver.
hepatic vein carries co2 rich blood from liver to heart
Hepatic portal vein: carries blood containing vitamins and glycogen from SI to liver

44
Q

state the function of the Gall bladder

A

stores bile

45
Q

How is bile transported in the gall bladder

A

bile transports to small intestine via bile duct

46
Q

State the role of the duodenum

A

final stages of digestion ocoour by perisalsis and enzymes in the duodenium

47
Q

chemical digestion that occours in the duodenum

A

pancreatic lipase - lipids to fatty acids and glycerol

48
Q

state the function of the illeum

A

absorbion of food ocoours in ileum

49
Q

descrive chemical digestion that ocoours in ileum

A

pancreatic amylase - starch to maltose

50
Q

descrive the function of villi

A

responsible for absorbtion of food from SI to blood

51
Q

how villi is adapted to their role

A

exist in large numbers (large SA)
cell wall one cell thick for faster absorbtion
having a rich blood supply

52
Q

list the structures in a villi

A

thin surface layer
capillaries
lacteal - connected to lymphatic system which aids absorbtion of fats
mucle wall

53
Q

describe the function of the large intestines

A

water absorbed and waste removed
symbiotic bacteria present here
bacteria produce vit K and also create competition with harmful MO

54
Q

State the section of the large intestines and their roles

A

caecum + appemdic - vestigual organs, no use
colon - absorb water to regulate consipation, forms semi solid feces, absorbs vitamins
rectum - stores undigested food waste material
anus - point of egestion

55
Q

state the role of fibre in the digestive system

A

fibre cant be absrbed into blood
increases peristalsis and increases rate of waste removal
reduces risk of constipation
fibre is a source of food for symbiotic bacteria

56
Q

end products of digestion

A

carbohydrates - monosaccrides ( glucose)
proteins- amino acids
lipids - glycerol + fatty acids

Biology (29 decks)

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