The Defence System

Question 1

Pathogens

Answer 1

a disease causing organism

Question 2

antigen

Answer 2

a forgein particle that stimulates the production of anitbodies

Question 3

human defense system

Answer 3

all the way the human body protects against antigens

Question 4

antibodies

Answer 4

proteins produced by lymphocytes in response to an antigen

Question 5

Name organs of the defense system

Answer 5

thymus. endorince gland
spleen
tonsils

Question 6

name examples of diseass

Answer 6

measles-virus
cholera- bacteria
malaria-protista
ringworm- fungi

Question 7

What is the general defense system

Answer 7

barrier system which stops pathogens from entering the body

Question 8

describe methods of the first line of defense

Answer 8

skin- physical barrier, produces sebum which contains chemicals which kill MO and stops skin drying out and cracking

mucous membranes- found in lining of respiatory and digestive system- produce mucus which traps forgein particles

Acid -HCl

lysozyme- antibacterial enzyme in swaet, tears and saliva

pre blood stream

Question 9

describe methods of the second line of defense

Answer 9

monocytes (phagocytes and macrophages) they are types of white blood cells that engulf pathogens

complement proteins- cause abmnormal cells to burst

interferons-defence proteins that attack viruses

inflammation- histamine production as a protection mechnianism

fevel- high body temp to prevent MO from forming

2- in blood stream

Question 10

what is the specific defense system

Answer 10

targets one type of pathogen/ antigen only

Question 11

will one antibody work on mulitable pathogens

Answer 11

no, one particular antigen will only cause the ptoduction of one paticular antibody which will work on one ptaticular pathogen

Question 12

how do antibodies destroy pathogens

Answer 12

causing them to be clumped together to be engulfed by macrophages and phagocytes

triggering the complement system - causing abnormal cells to burst

preventing poathogens from entering cells

Question 13

what are the two types of lymphocytes

Answer 13

B-cells
T-cells

Question 14

where is the b-cells made and matured

Answer 14

made in red bone marrow
matured in red bone marrow

Question 15

where are T - cells made and produced

Answer 15

made in red bone marrow, matured in thymus gland

Question 16

explain the function of the B cells

Answer 16

recognise antigens.
produce antibodies, leads to resistance for life ( b cells produce antibodies in response to an antigen being detected)
some remain as memory cells, they ccause production of antibodies very quickly.

Question 17

explain function of T cels

Answer 17

4 types of t cells
helper cells -> recognise an antigen, stimulate B cell production + activate killer cells

killer cells- secrete chemicals (peforin ) into cells causing them to burst

supressor cells- when antigens have been destroyed, supressor cells stop the production of B cells and Killer cells

memory cells- remember the antigen so if it reappears the stimulation of killer cells and B cells will be much faster next time around.

Question 18

immunisation

Answer 18

resistance / protection against pathogens by vaccination

Question 19

immunity

Answer 19

resistance against infection/ pathogens

Question 20

vaccine

Answer 20

small done of an inactive (dead/ non diease causing) virus that stimulates a immune response

Question 21

vaccination

Answer 21

adminstration ( injection) of a non-diease causing dose of a pathogen/ virus that stimulates an immune response

Question 22

antibiotics

Answer 22

Chemicals produced by microrganisms used to kill other microrganisms

Question 23

what is induced immunity?

Answer 23

using antibodies to resist specific diseases

Question 24

types of induced immunity

Answer 24

active immunity and passive immunity

Question 25

what is active immunity

Answer 25

antibodies prodiced internally by living organism

Question 26

types of active immunity

Answer 26

natural immunity
artificial immunity

Question 27

what is natural active immunity

Answer 27

the body produced antibodies in response to being exposed to an antigen

Question 28

what is artificial active immunity

Answer 28

immunisation/ vaccine
dead/ inactive antigens are sdmistrated which cause the body to respond by producing antibodies. the body is able to react if that antigen reappers again

Question 29

what is passive immunity

Answer 29

obtain antibodies from another living organism

Question 30

what is natural passive immunity

Answer 30

when antibodies enter the body in natural ways eg mother passes on antibodies she has to the baby through breast milk/ placenta

Question 31

what is articifial passive immunity

Answer 31

a course of perscribed antibiotics,
anti tetanus shot

Question 32

Out of active immunity and passive immunity , which one is more long term and explain

Answer 32

active immunity is more long term as memory cells remain in the body. if the same indection occours again.They recognise the antigen and cause the production of large amounts of specific antibodies quickly

passive immunity is short term as the antibodies given do not have memory cells

Question 33

auto immune disease

Answer 33

when the defense system attacks normal body cells.
eg Type 1 diabetes

Question 34

will perscribing antibiotics for a viral infection work?

Answer 34

NO
a viral antigen is a parasite and only lived inside a host cell. antibodies will only work if the antigen is outside the host cell. the viral isnt exposed to the antibiotic therefore antibodies arnt produced.