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Biology > Sexual Reproduction In The Flowering Plant > Flashcards

Sexual Reproduction In The Flowering Plant Flashcards

1
Q

Sexual reproduction

A

Two parents involved…fusion of two sex cells

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2
Q

Gamete

A

Haploid cell capable of fusion

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3
Q

Advantages of sexual reproduction

A

Introduces variation in the in the offspring

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4
Q

What is variation

A

Differences in members of the same species

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5
Q

Name the features of the flowering plant and their purpose

A

Petal- brightly coloured to attract insects
Sepal- protects flower as a bud
Stalk
Receptacle
Carpel- female reproductive part
- stigma- entry point of pollen into carpel
-style- pollen grain enter to ovule through here
-ovary
stamen- male reproductive part
-Anter- pollen production
-filament-

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6
Q

Pollination

A

The transfer of pollen from the anter to the stigma of a flower from the same species.

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7
Q

Self pollination

A

Transfer of pollen from the anter to the stigma of the same plant

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8
Q

Cross pollination

A

Transfer of pollen from anter to stigma of a different plant from the same species

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9
Q

Give the features of a wind pollinated plant and give examples

A

Eg grasses
Small/absent petals
Pollen is small, light, dry and produced in large amounts
Angers are large and outside petals, long filaments
Stigmas are large and feathery increase surface area , outside petals

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10
Q

Give the features of a insect pollinated plant and give examples

A

Eg buttercups
Petals are large and brightly coloured, nectary present
Pollen is large, sticky, heavy and produced in small amounts
Antlers are small, inside petals
Stigmas are small, sticky and inside petals

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11
Q

2 ways a plant can be pollinated

A

Wind and insects

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12
Q

Describe the formation of the male gametes/ mature pollen grain

A

The microspore mother cell ( diploid) divides my meiosis to create 4 haploid cells clumped together ( tetrad).
Cells separate, they divide by mitosis to form 2 haploid nuclei ( generative nuclei and the tube nuclei) the generative nucleus divides by mitosis to form 2 male gametes, the tribe nucleus will go on to form the pollen tube

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13
Q

Describe the development of the embryo sec

A

Megastore mother cell ( diploid) divides by meiosis to form 4 haploid cells, 3 die /degenerate, the surviving cell divides by mitosis 3 times to form 8 haploid nuclei. 5 die and 3 haploid nuclei remain. 2 of these cells form 2 polar nuclei (n), the remaining cell forms the egg cell (2n)

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14
Q

Describe the process before fertilisation

A

The pollen grain lands on the sigma, the generative nucleus divides by mitosis to form 2 male gametes by horses and enzymes ,the tube nucleus forms the pollen tube. The male gametes travel towards the pollen tube through the micropile ( opening) to enter the embryo sac.

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15
Q

What is double fertilisation and where does it occur

A

Occurs in the ovule - becoming enters sac
It is when one male gamete fuses (n)with the egg cell(n) to form the zygote(2n)

The other male gamete fuses with the 2 polar nuclei (n+n) to form the endosperm nucleus (3n)

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16
Q

What does the zygote go on to form

A

Zygote divides my mitosis to form the embryo which will develop the radical and the plumule

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17
Q

What is the purpose of the endosperm

A

Divides by mitosis to become a source of food for the developing embryo

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18
Q

Name the sources of food storage in a seed

A

Cotyledon, endosperm

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19
Q

What is the seed formed from?

A

Ovule

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20
Q

What is the testa formed from

A

Ovule wall/ integument

21
Q

What is the fruit formed from

A

The ovary

22
Q

What does the ovary wall form

A

Pericup

23
Q

Name the two types of seed and give an example

A

Endospermic seed eg corn
Non endospermis seed eg broad bean

24
Q

What is an endospermic seed

A

The endosperm remains as a food store
Usually monocot

25
Q

What is a non endospermic sead

A

The endosperm is absorbed by the cotyledon
Usually dicot

26
Q

What is a monocot seed

A

1 seed leaf

27
Q

What is a dicot seed

A

Contains two seed leafs

28
Q

List the features of a endospermic seed

A

Tests- seed coat
Endosperm,
Plumel , radical
Cotelydon

29
Q

What will the radical go on to form

A

The future root

30
Q

What will the plumel go to form

A

Future shoot

31
Q

Name the types of fruit

A

Fleshy fruits
Dry fruit
false fruits- don’t develop form ovary
Seedless fruits

32
Q

How are seedless fruits formed

A

Spray plants with growth regulators
Selective breeding

33
Q

What is seed dispersal

A

Dispersal is when seeds are scattered away from the parent plant

34
Q

Advantages of seed dispersal

A

Reduce competition , less overcrowding
Colonise new habitats

35
Q

Methods of seed dispersal

A

Water eg coconut
Wind - dandelion ( wings, hairs)
Animal- tomato ( edible fruits w/seeds)
Self- eg poopy

36
Q

What is Dormancy

A

A period of low metabolic activity when seeds do not germinate

37
Q

Advantages or dormancy for the seed

A

Allows seeds to survive unfavourable conditions
Give time for embryo to develop
Allows time for seed dispersal

38
Q

Reasons of dormancy

A

Testa is too tough for emerging embryo
Tests importable to water oxygen
Presence of growth inhibitors

39
Q

Advantages for farmers of dormancy

A

Provides knowledge on how to store seed without germination occurring
Provides knowledge on to treat seeds before

40
Q

Why does the embryo mass increase

A

The use of dissolved foods, the food reserves are digested and dissolved and transported to the embryo

41
Q

Why does the endosperm mass fall

A

It’s being used up for food ( using up food store)

42
Q

What is germination

A

The re growth of the embryo after a period of dormancy if conditions are suitable

43
Q

What are the factors required for germination

A

Water- medium necessary for chemical reactions to occur/enzymes dissolve and transport digested biomolecules
Suitable temperature-optimum enzyme activity @ 27C
Oxygen -aerobic respiration

44
Q

What occurrs during germination?

A

The water is absorbed and enzymes activated
Enzymes digests fats and starch and transported to the growing embryo
This provides energy and other resources used in respiration
The dry weight of the seed falls due to food being used in respiration, weight of embryo increases

45
Q

Why is dry weight used

A

Water content varied between seeds so dry weight is more reliable ( bake in over)

46
Q

Explain the process for the experiment of factors necessary for germination

A

Radish seeds in test tubes
Keep one dry
Keep one anaerobic( boiled water with a layer of oil on top
Keep one refrigerated
Keep one perfect( this one germinates as it has all the conditions for germination)

47
Q

What is nutrient agar

A

A medium that contains all the food in a microorganism needs to grow

48
Q

Describe method of showing starch is digested during germination

A

Soak broad beans overnight- softens tests and commences the germination process
Boil half of the seeds as control- denatures
Soak seeds and wash disinfectant to kill mo
Sterilise forceps under flame
Split each bean in half to separate cotyledons( ls) with a backed blade, place face down
Minimal opening( minimise contamination)
Incubate plated @ 27Cc for 72 hrs allow germination
Flood plated with iodine

49
Q

Describe the results for showing starch is digested during germination.

A

Unboiled
Iodine remains brown under areas of bean( starch has been digested during germination)
Boiled( entire plate is blue black starch has not been digested by living seed during germination )

Biology (33 decks)

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