Enzymes Flashcards
Immobilisation
A biology catalyst which is fixed to an inert material by chemical or physical means
Aerobic respiration
The release of energy from carbohydrate using oxygen
Anaerobic respiration
The release of energy form carbohydrate without using oxygen
What is fermentation
Anaerobic respiration
What is an enzyme
A biological catalyst
What is a Biological catalysts
A molecule that speeds up the rate of reaction without being used up in the reaction
What biomolecule group are enzymes part of
Proteins
What shape are enzymes
3D, folded , globular
What is metabolism
The sum of all chemical reactions taking place in an organism
Substrate
The compound which the enzyme acts on
Products
The compounds that an enzyme converts substrate to
Active site
The location of reaction between enzyme and substrate
Name a catabolic reaction
Starch>Amylase>Maltose
What is specificity
Every enzyme can only act on one substrate
Factors affecting enzyme action
Temperature
Ph
Enzyme concentration
Substrate concentration
Explain how Temperature affects enzyme action
Increased temperature increases enzyme activity. Excess heat with denature the enzyme
Explain how Ph affects enzyme action
Most work best at ph7 .Changing the Ph levels to extremes alters the shape of the active site, reducing the efficiency
Explain how Enzyme concentration affects enzyme action
More Enzymes present, the faster the reaction
Explain how Substrate concentration affects enzyme action
More substrate= slower
Inhibitors
Inhibitors are molecules that prevent an enzyme from working. Block the active site of the enzyme( nerve gas)
Explain active site theory
The enzyme active site needs to be complementary to the substrate.
The active site changes to allow for a perfect fit when the substrate comes in contact with the enzyme. This is also know as specificity, where one enzyme can only work with one substrate. This forms the enzyme substrate complex.
Products are released
Enzymes active site returns to the original place
Chemical formula to demonstrate the effect of - on enzyme reaction
H2O2 > H2O + O2
What is Bioprocessing
The use of enzyme-controlled reactions to produce a product
What is a bioreactor
A vessel or container in which biological reactions take place to form a product
What are immobilised enzymes
Immobilised enzymes are held in a gel, attached to each other or to an inert substance or bead
Benefits of Immobilised enzymes
Can be used multiple times.
The final product is pure
they are we efficient as isolated enzymes
Use of Immobilised enzymes
Glucose isomerise contains glucose into fructose
Penicillin acylate converts penicillin into more antibiotics more penicillin-resistant bacteria
Substances used to investigate effect of PH on enzyme reaction
Enzyme: Catalase
Source of enzyme: Celery
Substrate: hydrogen peroxide
Constants in investigating PH
Temperature- Temperature controlled water bath
Substrate concentration
Enzyme concentration- same celery juice
Hoe does the PH alter the enzyme
Alters the active site of the enzyme
Constants in investigating Temperature
Ph- buffer solution
Substrate concentration
Enzyme concentration- same celery juice
How do we measure the rate of enzyme action.
Volume of O2 bubbles produces per minute
Graph of investigating the effect of PH on the rate of enzyme reaction
Bell shaped curve
What does the denaturation of a enzyme by heat do?
The boiling of the catalase resulted in the loss of its enzymatic activity, despite being returned to its optimum temperature
Chemicals used in a enzyme immobilisation
Sodium alginate- forms gel to immobilise yeast
Sucrase (yeast) - Enzyme
Calcium Chloride- Harden sodium alginate beads
Results of enzyme immobilisation
Immobilised yeast- 10mins - clear pure
Free yeast -3 mins- cloudy
Anabolic enzymes
Require energy to build larger molecules ( usually in the form ATP)
Catabolic enzymes
Release energy to form ATP or heat
What is denaturation
When an enzyme has lost it’s 3D folded globular shape at the active site and no longer has the ability to carry out its function
