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Biology > Enzymes > Flashcards

Enzymes Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Immobilisation

A

A biology catalyst which is fixed to an inert material by chemical or physical means

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2
Q

Aerobic respiration

A

The release of energy from carbohydrate using oxygen

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3
Q

Anaerobic respiration

A

The release of energy form carbohydrate without using oxygen

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4
Q

What is fermentation

A

Anaerobic respiration

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5
Q

What is an enzyme

A

A biological catalyst

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6
Q

What is a Biological catalysts

A

A molecule that speeds up the rate of reaction without being used up in the reaction

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7
Q

What biomolecule group are enzymes part of

A

Proteins

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8
Q

What shape are enzymes

A

3D, folded , globular

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9
Q

What is metabolism

A

The sum of all chemical reactions taking place in an organism

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10
Q

Substrate

A

The Molecule which the enzyme reacts

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11
Q

Products

A

The molecules produced by an enzyme

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12
Q

Active site

A

The active site allows each enzyme to join with only one substrate

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13
Q

Name a catabolic reaction

A

Starch>Amylase>Maltose

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14
Q

What is specificity

A

Every enzyme can only act on one substrate

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15
Q

Factors affecting enzyme action

A

Temperature
Ph
Enzyme concentration
Substrate concentration

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16
Q

Explain how Temperature affects enzyme action

A

Increased temperature increases enzyme activity. Excess heat with denature the enzyme

17
Q

Explain how Ph affects enzyme action

A

Most work best at ph7 .Changing the Ph levels to extremes alters the shape of the active site, reducing the efficiency

18
Q

Explain how Enzyme concentration affects enzyme action

A

More Enzymes present, the faster the reaction

19
Q

Explain how Substrate concentration affects enzyme action

A

More substrate= slower

20
Q

Inhibitors

A

Inhibitors are molecules that prevent an enzyme from working. Block the active site of the enzyme( nerve gas)

21
Q

Explain active site theory

A

The enzyme active site needs to be complementary to the substrate.
The active site changes to allow for a perfect fit when the substrate comes in contact with the enzyme. This is also know as specificity, where one enzyme can only work with one substrate. This forms the enzyme substrate complex.
Products are released
Enzymes active site returns to the original place

22
Q

Chemical formula to demonstrate the effect of - on enzyme reaction

A

H2O2 > H2O + O2

23
Q

What is Bioprocessing

A

The use of enzyme-controlled reactions to produce a product

24
Q

What is a bioreactor

A

A vessel or container in which biological reactions take place to form a product

25
Q

What are immobilised enzymes

A

Immobilised enzymes are held in a gel, attached to each other or to an inert substance or bead

26
Q

Benefits of Immobilised enzymes

A

Can be used multiple times.
The final product is pure
they are we efficient as isolated enzymes

27
Q

Use of Immobilised enzymes

A

Glucose isomerise contains glucose into fructose
Penicillin acylate converts penicillin into more antibiotics more penicillin-resistant bacteria

28
Q

Substances used to investigate effect of PH on enzyme reaction

A

Enzyme: Catalase
Source of enzyme: Celery
Substrate: hydrogen peroxide

29
Q

Constants in investigating PH

A

Temperature- Temperature controlled water bath
Substrate concentration
Enzyme concentration- same celery juice

30
Q

Hoe does the PH alter the enzyme

A

Alters the active site of the enzyme

31
Q

Constants in investigating Temperature

A

Ph- buffer solution
Substrate concentration
Enzyme concentration- same celery juice

32
Q

How do we measure the rate of enzyme action.

A

Volume of O2 bubbles produces per minute

33
Q

Graph of investigating the effect of PH on the rate of enzyme reaction

A

Bell shaped curve

34
Q

What does the denaturation of a enzyme by heat do?

A

The boiling of the catalase resulted in the loss of its enzymatic activity, despite being returned to its optimum temperature

35
Q

Chemicals used in a enzyme immobilisation

A

Sodium alginate- forms gel to immobilise yeast
Sucrase (yeast) - Enzyme
Calcium Chloride- Harden sodium alginate beads

36
Q

Results of enzyme immobilisation

A

Immobilised yeast- 10mins - clear pure
Free yeast -3 mins- cloudy

37
Q

Anabolic enzymes

A

Require energy to build larger molecules ( usually in the form ATP)

38
Q

Catabolic enzymes

A

Release energy to form ATP or heat

39
Q

What is denaturation

A

When an enzyme has lost it’s 3D folded globular shape at the active site and no longer has the ability to carry out its function

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