Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology > DNA and RNA ( genetics intro) > Flashcards

DNA and RNA ( genetics intro) Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

species

A

a group of organisms that have the ability to produce fertile offspring

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

variation

A

differences between members of the same species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is acquired varation and list examples

A

they are learned or developed
eg.scars, language, sport

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what are Inheirited vairations and list examples

A

controlled by genes and can be passed on to offspring
eg. eye colour, skin colour, freckles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

heredity

A

passing on of traits from parent to offspring by means of genes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Gene

A

a section of dna on a chromosome that causes a protein to be produced

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

chromosome

A

thread like structure made up of DNA and protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Non-coding DNA

A

DNA that does not cause a protein to be made

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Gene expression/ Coding DNA

A

when a protein is made

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Genetic code

A

refers to the instructions contain in a gene that tells a cell how to make a specific protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what does DNA stand for

A

deoxyribonucleic acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is a nucleotide composed of

A

a Sugar, nitrogenous base , phosphate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is a polynucleotide

A

many nucleotides joined together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the nitogenous bases in DNA

A

Adnine, thymine, Guamine, Cytosine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is the sugar in DNA?

A

deocyribose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the stucture of DNA

A

DNA is composed of two polynucleotide chains, held together by hydogen bonds.
Base pairing in DNA is always complemtary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Why is base peiring in DNA always complentary?

A

adnine always bonds to thymine
guamine always bonds to cytosine.
A purine always bonds to a pyrimidine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Which nitrogenous bases are in purines

A

Guanine
adnine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

which notrogenous bases are in pyrimidines

A

cytosine
thymine
uracil

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the shape of DNA?

A

double helix structure (complimentary base pairs forming horizontal bars,
Phosphate and sugar forming vertical bars)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

eukaryotic

A

has a nucleus and contains membrane bound organelles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

name structures in an eukaryotic cell where DNA is found

A

nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts

23
Q

where is DNA in chromosomes

A

wrapped around histones

24
Q

What is a sub unit of DNA

A

nucleotide

25
Q

DNA profiling

A

method of making a unique pattern of bands from the DNA of an individual, this can be compared to other DNA samples

26
Q

Describe in detail the steps of DNA profiling

A

DNA isolation
extracting DNA from cells (non coding DNA is used)
Cutting
DNA is cut into fragments by restriction enzymes
separation
gel electrophoresis separated the fragments based on their size, the small pieces travel futher
pattern analysis and comparison
gel stained and viewed under UV light (DNA pattern can be compared to another pattern)

27
Q

Genetic screening

A

testing DNA for the presence of absence of a paticular gene/mutated gene

28
Q

give applications of genetic screening

A

adult acreening is used to identify carriers of diseases such as cystic fibrosis
foetal screening is used to test if a fetus has a genetic disorder

29
Q

DNA replication

A

how DNA makes a copy of itself

30
Q

when does DNA replication occour in the cell cycle?

A

Interphase

31
Q

Describe in detail DNA replication

A

DNA Helix unwindes. DNA helicase (enzyme) separates the strands by breaking the hydrogen bonds.
The exposed bases act as a template to produce new strands.
New nucleotides connect to the exposed bases on the old strands.
DNA polymerase joins the DNA nucleotides together to build the new stands.each DNA strands consists of one old and one new strand.
When replication is finished, DNA rewinds and recoils

32
Q

What is meant by semi-conservative in DNA?

A

the new, freshly replicated DNA contains a stand from the orginal DNA and a new strand

33
Q

Name an anabolic enzyme

A

DNA polymerase

34
Q

What is the significance of DNA replication

A

allows for cell continuty
allows for traits to be passed from parents to offspring

35
Q

what is cell continunity

A

all cell arise from pre exising cells

36
Q

what does RNA stand for

A

ribonucleic acid

37
Q

Comparare DNA and RNA

A

DNA
double stranded
sugar is deoxyribose
nitogenous bases: adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine
found in nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplast

RNA
Single stranded
sugar is ribose
nitrogenous bases are adnine, uracil, gianine, cytosine
found in nucleus, ribosome and chloroplast

38
Q

Name the three types of RNA and where they are located

A

T RNA (transfer RNA) cytoplasm
R RNA ( Ribosomal RNA) ribisome
M RNA (messenger RNA) nucleus

39
Q

describe the role of tRNA

A

carries an amino acid to the ribosome, binds with the mRNA

40
Q

describe the role of rRNA

A

attaches the mRNA to ribosome and holds it in place

41
Q

describe the role of m RNA

A

gets the genetic code from DNA and carries it to the ribisome and attaches itself to the ribisome

42
Q

Codon

A

sequence of three bases in DNA or RNA that codes for one amino acid

43
Q

Name the three types of codon

A

start codon, amino acid codon, stop codon

44
Q

what type of bonds hold amino acid chains together?

A

peptide bonds

45
Q

Where in the cell is protien made?

A

ribosomes

46
Q

name the two steps involved in protein synthesis

A

transcription, translation

47
Q

What is transcription

A

makeing m RNA using DNA as a template, process occours in nucleus

48
Q

describe the process of transcription in detaill

A

DNA unwindes and splits. using the DNA starnd as a tempate,RNA nucleotides bond with the exposed bases .RNA polymerase joins the RNA nucleotides together to form m RNA. m RNA leaves through the nuclear pores

49
Q

What is tranlation

A

making a protein using the code in the messenger RNA

50
Q

describe the process of translation

A

Occours on the ribosome in cytoplasm
mRNA is bonded to the ribosome by rRNA.
base pairs of m RNA attract complentary base pairs. these complentary base pairs come in groups of threes called an anticodon. there is a start codon, an amino acid codon and a stop codon.the transfer RNA carries an specific amino acid to the ribosome. A string of amino acids are formed by peptide bonds bonds assembles.
protein is folded to activate it

51
Q

what is an anticodon

A

a sequence of 3 bases on t RNA which is complementary to a codon in mRNA

52
Q

Describe the procedure of isolating DNA from plant tissue (Kiwi)

A

-chop kiwi (breaks open cell walls and increases SA)
-add chopped kiwi, salt (clumps the DNA together), washing up liquid (dissolves cell membrane) into beaker.
-water bath for 15mins @ 60C ( Denatures enzymes that would break down DNA, no more than 15min as this would break down the DNA)
- place in ice bath for 5min ( stops breakdown of DNA)
-Blend mixture for 3sec (breakes down cell walls and membranes, not any longer or else DNA will break down)
-filter mixure in new beaker ( DNA passes through, cell fragments removed)
-transfer to test tube.
- add 3 drops of protease to filtraten( breakes down protein surrounding DNA)
-add freezing cold ethanol down one side of test tube at an angle ( ethanol speparates DNA from filtrate, DNA insoluble in colf ethanol)
-DNA percipitated and it is collectede using a glass rod.

53
Q

decribe the apperance of isolating DNA from plant tissue (Kiwi)

A

white stringy clumps of DNA

Biology (29 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions